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A muscle that has both its origin and insertion on the muscles of the thoracic limb.
Intrinsic muscle of the thoracic limb
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Fluid-filled sac that will reduce friction of the infraspinatus muscle tendon as it glides over the humerus.
subtendinous synovial bursa
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Which head of the triceps brachii can be seen from both the medial and lateral views?
Long head
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The triceps brachii long head has ___ attachments to the humerus.
no
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Which is the only muscle that must be transected for a surgical approach to the elbow?
Anconeus
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The tendon of origin for the biceps brachii passes through the ___________ and s held in place by the ___________.
Intertubercular groove; transverse humeral retinaculum
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Which muscle is deep to the cephalic vein and may be used in cephalic venipuncture?
extensor carpi radialis
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Sleeve that allows the superficial digital flexor tendon to insert proximally to the deep digit flexor tendon; DDF tendon passes through and continues don to the palmar surface of the distal phalanx.
Manica flexoria
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What 11 nerves form the brachial plexus?
Axillary, Long Thoracic, Lateral Thoracic, Median, Musculocutaneous, Pectoral, Radial, Subscapular, Suprascapular, Thoracodorsal, Ulnar
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The suprascapular n. innervates...
the supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm.
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The suprascapular n. dives on the _____ side of the arm between ______ and ______
medial; subscapularis and supraspinatus
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The subscapular n. innervates the ______ on the _____ side of the thoracic limb.
subscapularis m.; medial
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The axillary n. innervates....
Deltoideus, Teres major, and Teres minor mm.
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The axillary n. dives between the _______ and the _______ and then courses toward the _______ side of the shoulder to reach ________ and ______.
teres major m. and subscapulars m.; lateral; teres minor m. and deltoideus m.
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The thoracodorsal n. innervates...
Latissimus dorsi m.
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The lateral thoracic n. innervates...
Cutaneous trunci m..
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The long thoracic n. innervates...
Serratus ventralis m.
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The Proximal Muscular Branch of the Musculocutaneous n. innervates...
coracobrachialis and biceps brachii mm.
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The Distal Muscular Branch of the Musculocutaneous n. innervates...
Brachialis m.
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The Musculocutaneous n. terminates by splitting into...
a communicating branch that communicates with the Median n. and a medial cutaneous antebrachial n. (sensory, not motor)
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The Median n. has functional overlap with the _____.
Ulnar n.
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The Median n. innervates...
Flexor carpi radialis, Superficial digital flexor, Deep digital flexor, Pronator teres, and Pronator quadratus mm,
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Motor innervation typically occurs at the...
most proximal aspect
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The Ulnar n. innervates...
Flexor carpi ulnaris, Deep digital flexor, and Interosseous mm.
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The Median n. runs down the ______ of the thoracic limb, and the Ulnar n. runs down the ______ thoracic limb from the _______.
medial side; caudal side; olecranon
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The Radial n. innervates...
Triceps brachii (all heads), Anconeus, Tensor fascia antebrachii, Extensor carpi radialis, Common digital extensor, Lateral digital extensor, Ulnaris lateralis, Abductor pollicis longus, and Supinator mm.
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The arteries, capillaries, and veins for a ______ system formed by an ______, ________ endothelium.
unbroken, low friction
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The morphological differences between the different types of vessels are a result of...
their different functional requirements
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What is the fundamental morphological difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries have rigid walls and function under high pressure (this use pressure to maintain unidirectional flow) and they cannot carry large volumes; veins have thin walls and carry large volumes, but they contain valves to maintain unidirectional flow
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What in the fundamental functional difference between veins and arteries?
Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
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Interarterial connections that provide an alternate pathway for blood to an area of the body if a more direct route becomes blocked.
Anastomoses
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Anastomoses are most common in the _______.
GI tract
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When the subclavian artery enters the thoracic limb, it is the _______.
axillary artery
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The axillary artery runs down the ____ side of the thoracic limb, and it first branch is the ________, which is located...
medial; subscapular artery; at (or around) the head of the humerus, going caudally
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The two branches of the subscapular artery are...
Thoracodorsal artery (which supplies the latissimus dorsi) and the caudal circumflex humeral artery
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Describe the path of the caudal circumflex humeral artery.
It branches off the subscapular artery and dives and raps around the caudal aspect of the proximal humerus
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Describe the path of the cranial circumflex humeral artery.
It is the last branch off of the axillary artery and it wraps around the cranial aspect of the proximal humerus to anastomose with the caudal circumflex humeral artery.
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The axillary artery becomes the brachial artery after the _______.
cranial circumflex humeral artery
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What are the 4 branches of the brachial artery in order?
Collateral ulnar a., superficial brachial a., transverse cubital a., and common interosseous a.
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The brachial a. becomes the median a. after the _______.
common interosseous a.
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The median a. branches to the _____________ at the following location...
radial a.; between the proximal and middle third of the medial side of the antebrachium
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Describe the path of the radial artery.
it courses deep to the flexor carpi radialis m. to the deep structures of the forepaw
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What is the purpose of the component of the lymphatic system that consists of capillaries and vessels?
To return interstitial fluid to the blood stream by way of the venous sytem
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Where is the superficial cervical lymph node located?
deep to the omotransversarius
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What areas does the superficial cervical lymph node drain?
skin of the caudal part of the head, lateral surface of the neck and thoracic limb
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Where is the axillary lymph node located?
On the medial side of the shoulder in the axillary space
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What areas does the axillary lymph node drain?
the deep structures of the thoracic limb, the thoracic wall, and the first three mammary glands
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The accessory axillary lymph node is found with the axillary lymph node and drains the same areas, but it is...
inconstant
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What type of joint has the most limited movement and what is an example of it?
fibrous joint; sutures between the various skull bones
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Give 3 examples of cartilaginous joints.
temporary fetal joints of growing bone, between the vertebrae, symphasises found on the jaw and pelvis
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The true joint of the extremities that provide the greatest degree of movement.
synovial joint
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Synovial joints have the most clinical issues with ______.
dislocation
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What are the 4 components of all synovial joints?
joint cavity, joint capsule with an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial layer), synovial fluid, and articular cartilage (typically hyaline cartilage)
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In which joints is the articular cartilage the thickest?
joints that bear the most weight
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The glenohumeral joint is a _______ joint.
ball-and-socket joint
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The glenohumeral joint is capable of what kind of movement?
movement in all directions but its principals movements are flexion and extension of the shoulder
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Why is luxation of the shoulder joint uncommon?
It is stabilized medially by subscapularis and coracobrachialis and laterally by supraspinatus and infrapinatus
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The glenohumeral ligaments are...
thickenings of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule
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The cubital joint is a ______ joint.
compound hinge-type
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What type of movement is the cubital joint capable of?
only flexion and extension of the elbow
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What are the cubital ligaments that arise from the medial and lateral epicondyles?
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
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The collagenous tissue uniting the radius and ulna proximally.
interosseous ligament
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Why is luxation of the cubital joint uncommon in the dog?
Because the anconeal process of the ulna projects into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
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The nerves that innervate the thoracic limb originate from the _________ and they are supplied by _______.
brachial plexus; C6,7,8 and T1,2
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The nerves of the brachial plexus emerge from the _________ between the vertebra, course along in the border of the _______, and extend across the _______ to the thoracic limb..
intervertebral foramina; scalenus muscle; axillary space
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The dorsal root of a spinal nerve has ______ fibers; the ventral root has ______ fibers.
sensory; motor
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Where the dorsal and ventral roots of a spinal nerve fuse.
Spinal nerve proper
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