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ruminating
repeated, intrusive thoughts about stressful event
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catastrophizing
dwell on and exaggerate negative consequences
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mental sets
cling to 'usual' solutions
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functional fixedness
not seeing alternative uses for objects/solutions
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impaired decision making
impulsive, poor judgment
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emotion-focused coping strategies
- aimed at reducing stress response (outcomes) or enhancing mediators
- self-controlling, distancing, positive reappraisal, accepting responsibility, escape/avoidance, physical coping (drugs, food, exercise, yoga, meditation)
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cognitive coping strategies
- thinking calmly, rationally, and constructively
- replace catastrophic thinking by viewing stressors as challenges rather than threats
- cognitive restructuring (identify upsetting thoughts, develop and practice more constructive thoughts about situation, does not eliminate stressors, they seem less threatening and disruptive)
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Rosenstock's Health Belief Model
decisions about health-related behaviors are guided by four main reasons: 1. Perceiving threat or risk of illness-injury. 2. Perceiving the seriousness of the consequences of the illness-injury. 3. Belief that changing behavior will reduce the threat. 4. Perceived costs vs benefits of changing
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Changing Health Behaviors: Prochaska's stages of readiness
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
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Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRSS)
- Stress = sum of recent Life Change Units (LCUs)
- High scores > risk physical and mental health disorders
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Life Experiences Survey (LES)
- Measures life events and cognitive appraisals of + or -
- new stressors may be added by respondents
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Hans Selye Responses to stress (General Adaptation Syndrome)
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
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cortisol
- reduces immune system functioning, creates fatty deposits int he arteries that lead to hypertension and heart disease.
- mobilize the "fight or flight" response
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4 main approaches to personality
- psychodynamic
- trait
- social-cognitive
- humanistic
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Id, Ego, and Superego
- Id: most basic, demands immediate satisfaction
- Ego: Will make compromises between id and superego, operates at conscious level
- Superego: moral arm of personality
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archetypes
- inherited tendencies to interpret experiences in certain ways
- myths, symbols across cultures, God, evil, mother figure, afterlife, hero
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Carl Jung
Personal unconscious vs collective unconscious
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Karen Horney
discounted penis envy, said women envy men's social/political power
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Alfred Adler
striving for superiority, overcoming inferiority of childhood (inferiority complex)
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personality traits (definition)
relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish individuals as unique
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The Five Factor Model (Big 5 theory)
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
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What is the biggest influence on personality?
biological or genetic influences
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phenomenology
the individual's own unique world view
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what does humanistic psych focus on?
- present (not past/unconscious)
- embraces a positive view of humanity
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projective test
present ambiguous stimuli and ask for interpretation
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Carl Rogers' approach
- Theory of self
- self-actualization: accurate experience of our authentic self
- self concept: how we view our "self" influences personality-behavior
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Rotters locus of control
- expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives
- internal: life outcomes are under personal control
- external: outcomes have less to do with one's own efforts than with the influences of external factors
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Bandura's approach
self-efficacy: a person's beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes. task specific
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Rorschach test
- series of 10 inkblots
- ambiguous
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Thematic apperception test (TAT)
subject is instructed to write a story about what is happening in the picture
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