GI

clinical manifestations of GI dysfunction

vomiting begins with ____________ and the _________ closes to close airway

What is not preceded by nausea or retching, caused by direct stimulation of vomiting center in brain by neurologic leseions, IICP, tumors or aneurysms

presence of nonabsorbable substances in instestine can cause water to be drawn into lumen by osmosis. Causes large-volume diarrhea

most common cause of osmotic diarrhea

caused by excessive mucosal secetion of fluid and electrolytes ( caused by bacterial endotoxins or E. coli)

decreased transit time, mucosal surface contact and fluid absorbed (caused by resection of small intestine)

Caused by infammatory disorders of small intestine or fecal impaction from sever constipation

hematochezia

melena

hematemesis

slow, chronic blood loss that results in iron deficiency anemia as iron stores in bone marrow slowly deplete

caused by esophageal obstruction, impaired esophageal motlity, or achalasia (denervation of smooth muscle in esophagus or muscle cell atrophy)

manifestations of GERD

what is caused by increaed abdominal pressure, ulcers, pyloric edema and strictures, hiatal hernia, lower esophageal sphincter incompetent

protrusion upper stomach through diaphragm into thorax

hiatal hernia caused by

Manifestations of hiatal hernia

Intestinal obsruction def

What is caused by hernia, telescoping of one part of intestine into another, twisting, inflamed diverticula, tumor growth, loss of peristalic activity

Manifestations of intestinal obsruction

intestinal obstruction causes

antiinflammatory drugs can cause acute _______ by

alcohol, histamine, digitalis are all contributing factors in

__________ tends to occure in elderly individuals due to thinning and degeneration of stomach wall

_______ chronic gastritis more severe b/c

__________ chronic gastritis more frequent and often due to

PUD result in

risk factors of PUD

features of duodenal ulcers

features for gastric ulcers

postgastrectomy syndromes

rapid emptying of hypertonix chyme from surgically reduced stomach into small intestine 10-20 min after eating

inflammation caused by reflux of bile and alkaline pancreatic secretions that contain proteolytic enxymes that disrupt mucosal barrier

volvus, hernia, adhesion, stenosis in duodenal stump on proximal side of surgery

weight loss after gastrectomy is because

interfere with nutrient absorption in small intestine. failed or faulty digestion because of deficiencies in chemical enzymes

maldigestion is the result of

pancreatic insufficency

lactase deficiency inhibits breakdown of lactose into

undigested lactose remains in intestine where

What are two chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel diseases of unknown etiology

which disease as lesions on large intestine, mucosal layer involved, with NO skip lesions

Ulcerative colitis is ________ prone to family history

bloody diarrhea with abdm pain common in

ulcerative colitis has __________ cancer risk

crohns disease has a common

which disease has lesions in large OR small intestine, with SKIP lesions and the entire intestinal wall is involved

granulomas common in

anal and perianal fistulas and abscesses common in

narrowed lumen and possible obstruction common in

abdominal mass, small intestine malabsorption and steatorrhea common in

what is asymptomatic diverticular disease

________ is symptomatic inflammation of diverticuli

Most frequent site of diverticulitis

Wall pressure increases as diameter of lumen decreases from swelling in which disorder

In diverticulitis, prsesure can increase enough to

most common cause of appendicitis

Leukoyctosis and low grade fever

Functional disorder
lower abd pain
predominant or alternating diarrhea/constipation
gas bloating
nausea
no cureq

What results from dissecting aortic aneurysms or emboli arising form cardiac alterations

in an acute occlusion of mesenteric artery, ishemic and damaged intestinal mucosa cannot produce enough

what causes and who is susceptible for chronic mesenteric insufficency

leptin and insulin decrease appetite by

which hormones control appetite and body weight

several days of total dietary abstinence
glycocen in liver is converted to glucose 
peaks 4-8 hr after glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver begins by formation of glucose from noncarb molecules

decreased dependence on gluconeogensis and increased use of products from lipid and pyruvates

marasmus

kwashiorkor

caused by obstrution or impeded blood flow in portal venous system or vena cava

cirrhosis
viral hepatitis
parasitic infections
hepatic vein thrombosis
right side heart failure

manifestations of portal hypertension

blood that contains toxins such as ammonia is shunted from GI tract to systemic circulation, toxins reach brain

manifestations of hep. encephalopathy

unconjugated bilirubin

conjugated bilirubin

both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin

manifestations of jaundice

hepatic cell necrosis 
scarring
Kupffer's cell hyperplasia
infiltrations of monocyetes

prodromal phase of viral hep

begins about 1-2 weaks after prodromal phase and lasts 2-6 weeks. Actual phase of illness in viral hep.

recovery phase viral hep.

clinical syndrome resulting in sever impairment or necrosis of liver cells and potential liver failure. May occur as complications of hep C or B and is compounded by infectio with the delta virus

Fluminant hepatitis can be caused by _______________, is _____________, and requires _______________

cirrhosis is

cause of primary biliary cirrhosis

cause of secondary biliary cirrhosis

postnecrotic cirrhosis

Cholelithiasis

2 types of cholelithiasis

cholelithiasis and cholecystitis associated with.... perfered treatment

choleycytitis is almost always caused by

risk factors and symptoms of esophagus cancer

risk factors and symptoms of stomach cancer

risk factors and symptoms colorectal cancer

rsk factors and signs of liver cancer

Rsk factors and signs of gallbladder cancer

risk factors and signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer