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the physiology related to disease is called:
pathophysiology
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the control of the bodys biochemical balance is called:
homeostasis
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list the 8 causes of cell damage:
- physical trauma
- toxins
- infection
- genetic abnormalities
- malnutrition
- dehydration
- hypoxia
- combination of these factors
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list the 2 cellular response to injury/illness:
when damaged, cells will either adapt or die
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damage at the cellular level can lead to tissue damage, which, in turn can lead to:
organ damage
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list the 5 cellular adaptations:
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- metaphasia
- dysplasia
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increased in # of cells without a change in cell fnx is called:
hyperplasia
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the change in the type of adult cells in a tissue for a form abnormal for that tissue is called:
metaplasia
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when cell change to an abnormal cell and increase
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list the 2 ways in which damaged tissues heal:
- regeneration of the original tissue type
- replacement of the original tissue type with connective (scar) tisse
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list the 3 primary tissue healing stages:
- inflammatory
- proliferative
- remodeling/maturation
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what is the mechanism for the acute inflammation s/sx of pain:
tissue damage (primary & secondary)
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a result of long- term chemical irritation or mechanical stress is called:
chronic inflammation
- -destructive to the cells & tissues
- -produces more fibrin & college to protect the undamaged tissues or isolate the offending substance
- -can prevent or inhibit tissue healing
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aching pain, pitting edema, mild- moderate muscle spasm
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a specialized inflammatory response is called:
infection
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cell damage caused by the infectious organism causes:
inflammation
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the activation of the immune system can also simulate a generalized inflammatory response, which is:
more widespread than a with a local
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activated leukocytes in the blood affect neurons in the medulla, which cause:
a increase in body temp (fever)
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list 4 increased metabolic demands as a result of fever:
- hyperpnea (rapid respiration)
- tachycardia
- catabolism (breakdown of muscle, other tissues, expect fat)
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list the 4 physiological effect of fever:
- unusual fatigue
- malaise (feeling bad)
- weakness
- loss of appetite
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when does a fever "break"
when microogranism have been eliminated
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to replace energy stores taht were drained during the course of the fever, what returns:
appetite
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mature bone cells that are produced by osteoblasts and resorbed by osteoclasts are called:
osteocytes
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what cover joint surfaces, that decreases the friction between opposing bones:
articular cartilage
- avasuclar
- has no nerve supply
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a change in pathology can lead to a disruption of the homeostatic balance b/w osteocytes, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts.. what can be affected:
bone mass & density
osteoporosis is associated with more bone being resorbed than is rebuilt
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a fx'ed bone can heal, given the 4 appropriate environment:
- alignment & approximation of bone ends
- stability
- sterility
- nutrition
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stages of bone healing
- hematoma
- soft callus
- hard callus
- remodeling
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llist 4 skeletal muscle pathologies:
- physical trauma
- infection
- genetic disease
- metabolic disease
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significant damage to smooth or cardiac muscle can lead to:
severe impairment or complete loss of fxn in the associated organ
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list 4 nerve pathologies:
- physical trauma
- toxins (tetnis)
- infections (MRSA)
- metabolic imbalance
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many nerve pathologies can affect the nervous system:
directly or indirectly
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signs of nervous system impairment are often early indications of:
systemic disease
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some nerve disease affect nerve cell fxn include:
ability to propagate electrical nerve signals
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