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Define Health, according to the WHO. (1.1)
Health is described as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
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What do we deduce from the WHO's definition of health? (1.1)
- It takes the whole person into account; not just if they have a disease or not.
- An individual who does not have a disease could still be unhealthy.
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Why is it difficult in defining the terms "health"? (1.1)
- The concept of health is very subjective; it depends on ones own circumstances: a person who is fit may think themselves healthy, and a person with a disability may classify themselves healthy, as they have learnt to adapt and cope with their condition.
- Disease is difficult to define as they have a different meaning in science than they do in colloquial speech; connotations that society places, etc.
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What is the WHO's definition of disease? (1.1)
Any condition that adversely affects the functioning of a living thing.
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Why is it difficult in defining the terms "disease"? (1.1)
- The definition is broad, and imprecise.
- If the definition was to be taken literally, then you could argue that pregnancy or even a broken arm would be defined as a disease, as they both impede on regular body functioning.
- Disease is difficult to define as they have a different meaning in science than they do in colloquial speech; connotations that society places, etc.
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Define Cell Differentiation. (1.2)
Cells mature and take on different structural features, so that they become structurally suited to perform a specific function in the body.
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Define Specialization. (1.2)
Specific genes are "switched on" in order to perform a particular function in the body.
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What is the purpose of Cell Differentiation and Specialistion? (1.2)
- They work together in a healthy body to carry out complex functions in a controlled and coordinated way.
- This is in order to maintain and repair tissues.
- Without this, cells would not be able to function effectively and processes in the body would not be coordinated.
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What is the function of genes? (1.2)
The maintenance of health is dependant upon the information stored in the DNA of each cell.
- Genes control the production of polypeptides that make up proteins.
- These proteins are responsible for regular cell functioning; growth and repair. If a gene malfunctions, it could prompt in the inability for the cells to function and thus the onset of disease.
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What is the function of mitosis? (1.2)
- Cell growth
- Cell repair
- Genetic Stability
If cells are damaged through disease or injury they are replaced by the division of healthy cells close to injury or diseased site.
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What are DNA repair genes?
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What are Proto-oncogenes?
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What are tumour suppressor genes?
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Distinguish between infectious disease and non infectious disease. (2.1)
Infectious disease is caused by an organism or active agent known as a pathogen whereas a non infectious disease is not cause by a pathogen and with the exception of genetic diseases, are not passed from one person to another. A non infectious could have another of causes such as environment, nutrition and inheritance.
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Identify the conditions in which an organism is described as a pathogen. (2.2)
- Any organism or infective agent that lives in or on another organism and causes disease.
- May transmit from person to person.
- Right conditions.
- Transferred from environment (air, food, water)
- Through vectors: e.g. mosquitos.
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