Exam 2500

age 3-5 is considered the

The earliest period of learning about reading and writing is known as the ____ ____

Emergent literacy achievements largely depend on ___ ____, or the ability to view language as an object of attention

Three important achievements in literacy for preschoolers

Four hypothesis that characterize the order in which preschool children learn the names of individual alphabet letters

Print awareness

2 parts of phonological awareness that begins to emerge around age __

By the end of the preschool period, children have mastered nearly ___ of the phonemes of their native language

Preschoolers are highly intelligible and have an ____ expressive phonemic repertoire

The phonological process (systematic errors children make in their speech) continues to _____ during the preschool years as children’s phonological systems stabilize

Most processes disappear by age 5 years, the two most common patterns that make it to age 5 are ____ ____(when a liquid consonant is replaced by a glide) and a _____ (when a fricative is replaced by a stop consonant)

Reading requires a child to have robust phonological representations to make sense of the ___ _____, or the relationship between letters or combinations of letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes)

___ ____ modifies the structure of words
-Are the prefixes and suffixes added to a word to change its meaning and sometimes its part of speech

Six factors that contribute to the order in which children acquire these types of morphemes

Infants and children are most sensitive to sounds and words at the ends of utterances. Children first learn morphemes occurring as suffixes

Children first learn morphemes that constitute their own syllables (present prog -ing) and later learn morphemes that contain only a single sound (third person singular -s)

Children first learn morphemes with only one meaning (ex: the) before they learn morphemes that express multiple meanings

Children learn the names of morphemes that are used consistently (eg possessive nouns that always end in -s) more easily than morphemes that vary in their use (eg past tense verbs sometimes end in -ed but at other times take an irregular form)

Children learn morphemes that have a consistent pronunciation ( ex -ing) before they learn morphemes that have allomorphic variation (eg plural morpheme that has three variations : /s/ /z/ and /Iz/)

Children first learn morphemes that have a clear meaning (eg plural morpheme) before they learn morphemes with less clear meaning (eg third person singular morpheme such as “he runs”)

The most significant area of morpheme development in the preschool period is ___ _____ or understanding how english speakers inflect verbs with tense to provide information about time 
-Mastering the verb to be in its copula and auxiliary forms, is huuuge

By the end of the preschool period children produce ___ ____ (I told daddy, and daddy told mommy), as well as ___ ____embedded with clauses (I told daddy, who told mommy)

Preschoolers learn about ___ words per year, averaging about 2 new words per day

Children are able to acquire a general representation of a new word with as little as a single exposure through

E. Dales steps of vocab knowledge development

Perceptual features of objects weigh in heavily in ____
-Preschoolers continue to overextend object names on the basis of the information they have about other objects, but weigh the function of the object more heavily than its perceptual appearance

Preschool age kids also use knowledge about the _____ of objects when inferring the meaning of new words
-Preschoolers select animate objects as referents for novel proper names and inanimate objects as referents for common nouns

Preschoolers infer the meanings of new words by recruiting _____ cues that signal the form class (noun, verb, adjective) of a novel word to narrow the possibilities for the referent of the word.
-Children are more likely to assume that a novel word is an adjective when it is applied to more than one object.

_____ reading contains the most diverse syntax and vocabulary and typically has a higher level of abstraction than that in other language contexts, including play
-Variations in reading interaction with young children are related to their receptive 
and expressive vocab

____ terms are words whose use and interpretation depend on the location of a speaker and listener within a particular setting (ex: here and this, which indicate proximity to the listener). To use these terms correctly, the speaker must be able to adopt their conversational partners perspective

Generally children master terms by the time they enter school

___ ____ include interrogatives, temporal terms, opposites, local prepositions, and kinship terms

-Pre pre’s are better at answering and asking questions
-They usually respond innapropriately to questions they do not understand
-What, where, who, whose, and which are learned before when, how, and why

-Describe the order of events (before, after), the duration of events (since, until), and the concurrence of events (while, during)
-Pre pre’s understand temporal terms describing order before they understand temporal terms describing concurrent events 
-If a pre pre doesnt understand the meaning of temporal terms they rely on word order to interpret sentences

-Toddlers begin use, but it takes off in preschool age
-Describe spatial relations (under the bed)
-Most children have a solid understanding of this by the end of pre pre

-Pre pre’s tend to learn kinship terms that refer to the family member with whom they are most familiar earlier than kinship terms that refer to family members with whom they are less familiar
-Pre pre’s have difficulty with the reciprocity of the terms, like being a brother themselves

Preschoolers begin to use language for complex _____ functions such as interpretive, logical, participatory, and organization functions

make clear the whole of a persons experience (I was scared after that movie)

____ ____express logical relations between ideas (lets put shoes on so we dont step on razors)

___ ___express wishes, feelings, attitudes, and judgements

manage discourse (first we did ___, then we did ___)

Pre pre’s learn to conversate better when they learn to ___ ____

Most pre pre’s can maintain a conversation for ___ or more turns

A ____ is a childs spoken or written description of a real or fictional event from the past, the present, or future
-Showcase developed syntax, morphology semantics, phonology, and pragmatics
-Demonstrates ability to use decontextualized language

two types of narratives

Using both types of narratives makes a ___ sequence, which is a sort of cause and effect chain

A ____ sequence unfolds with time (First we did this. Next we did this)

Most kids cant construct narratives until about __ years old

Gathering data for children’s narrative abilities is done through _____ research
-It is a qualitative research method that involves gathering data about different societies and cultures with the aim of describing the nature of the populations of interest

Kids from working class families use more ____ language than middle class children

A preschooler will show one of many ___ ____, which are simultaneous patterns of language in multiple domains

A language profile encompasses only the ___ ____ (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, or pragmatics) and not _____ (such as narrative discourse)

Literacy Profiles are simultaneous patterns of literacy, including competencies such as narrative discourse and metasemantics (the ability to think about and explain the meaning of words and sentences)

observing a group of pre pres

-When a group of preschoolers are compared, they exhibit a variety of language profiles 
-Groups of preschoolers also can differer from another (aka clusters of samples)

Common tool for preschool years is to use a __ ___ ___

______ judgement are used to investigate various kinds of syntactic development in the preschool period
-They require children to think about language and make judgements about the appropriateness of specific forms or interpret sentences (metalinguistic)

Two forms of grammatical judgement tasks are used

__ ____ tools are used to measure and monitor a childs progress in a certain are of language development





Progress monitoring tools are used to measure and monitor a childs progress in a certain are of language developme