-
In 1896
- Wolfram Fuchs gave what is generally recognized as first protection advice:
- – exposure short as possible,
- – do not stand within 12”(30 cm) of the X-ray tube
- – coat skin with vaseline and leave an extra layer on the most exposed area
-
In 1902
Dentist from Boston killed
-
-
Clarence Madison Dally, a glass blower at Thomas Edison's Menlo
- Park lab, is first person known to have been killed by X-ray
- exposure. Severely burned in 1896, continues work with X-rays until
- 1898; his death causes Edison to discontinue radiation work in his
- lab
-
-
Christen puts forth concept of half value layer for shielding X or
- gamma radiation; “... only half the incident radiation will be stopped
- by each successive shielding layer”
-
-
First film badge dosimeter developed with energy compensating filters
-
In 1927
- “Dutch Board of Health”recommends tolerance dose equivalent to
- 15 R/y
-
In 1928
» SecondInternationalCongressofRadiologyestablishes
- “International Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection”;
- publishes first set of international radiation protection standards;
- Roentgen unit accepted
- » Organizationandfirstmeetingof“InternationalCommitteeonX-ray
- and Radium Protection” (predecessor of ICRP)
- » Organizationof“USAdvisoryCommitteeonX-rayandRadium
- Protection” (predecessor of NCRP)
-
In 1932
» WB limit of 0.1R/day and 5R to fingers suggested;introduces
concept of higher permissible dose to limited portions of body
» Roentgenunitisdefined
-
-
credited
- with having designed the first
- direct reading pocket
- dosimeters around 1932
-
-
» (Aug21)Harry Daghlian, a Los Alamos lab tech,is accidentally
- lethally irradiated; first North American to die of acute radiation
- sickness
-
In 1953
“International Commission on Radiological Units” defines absorbed dose [Rad] as 100 ergs per gram in any material. Prev. no limits
-
"health Physics" refers to:
the field of radiation protection
-
What is a (RSO) Radiation Safety Officer?
- "Radiological Safety Officer" (RSO) was
- the title given to the military officer who
- was responsible for radiological safety
- during the U.S. atomic weapons tests in
- the Pacific during the late 1940s
-
What is an RSO today?
- License to use radiation or radioactive
- material
- » License applications and amendments
- » Listed on the license
- • Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)
- » Qualified Individual
- » Agent of the Radiation Safety Committee
- » Implements Radiation Safety Program
- » Develops and updates the Radiation Safety
- Manual
» Organization and Administration
- – Personnel and resources
- – Budget, Job Descriptions, etc
-
3 categories of Radiation Health
- Occupational exposure
- » Pregnant workers
- » All others
- General public exposure
- » Incidental
Medical exposure
- » Intentional exposure for diagnostic or therapeutic
- purposes
-
6 types of radiation signs
- » Radioactive Materials
- » Radiation Area
- » High Radiation Area
- » Very High Radiation Area
- » X-rays In Use
» Other Signs
-
Mouth and Esophagus radio sensitivity:
Radioresistant (50-75 Gy)
*Muscle and connective tissue radio resistant
-
Stomach radiosensitivity:
40-50 Gy
- Few Sv. Few hundred REM, stop chief and parietal cell secretions of HCL and pepsinogen
- -Resume normal production following a delay
-
Large intestine radiosensitivity:
- about the same as stomach;
- 40-50 Gy
-
Small Intestine Radiosensitivity:
- Very radiosensitive.
- Probably determines survival or not.
- Few Sv temporarily stops crypt cells from dividing
- >10 Sv-crypt cells die: death in 6 to 10 days
-
CNS radiosensitivity
- Radioresistant
- 50 Sv (5000 Rem) to produce cerebrovascular syndrome
- -Severe nausea and vomiting within minutes of irradiation' loss of muscle control, seizures and coma
- -para nervous system affected, death in hours
-
Reproductive system radio sensitivity male:
- Male sperm-.15 Sv (15 rem) produce temporary sterility.
- 6 to 8 Sv (600-800 rem) produces permanent sterility
-
Reproductive system radio sensitivity female:
- 2 Gy (200 rads)produce temporary sterility
- -Oocytes extremely radiosensitive, cell death with .12 Gy (12 Rad), immediate sterility.
-
DRF -Dose-Reduction Factor=
Dose with drug present/Dose without drug
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