ch 8 psychology

is learning that has persisted over time; it is information that has been acquired, stored, ana can be retrieved.

> recall
•recognition
•relearning
Memory

retrieving Information that is not Currently in your conscious awareness out that was learned at an earlier time.A fill-in-the-blank question tests your recall.


•recall
•recognition
•relearning
encoding.

identfyirig items previously learned.A multiple-choice question tests your ___________.



•relearning
•recall
•recognition
storage

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time. When you study for a Anal exam or engage a language used in early childhood, you will relearn the material more easily than you did initially


•relearning
•recall
•recognition

processing of information into the memory system. ►get information into our brain, a process called __________.



encoding.
•relearning
•recall

he retention of encoded information over time. •retain that information, a process called __________.



storage
encoding

the process of getting information out of memory storage.  > later get the information back out, a process called _________.



retrieval
•recall

emphasize the active processing that takes place in this middle stage.


WOrKlng memory
Encoding

the facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare (thus, also called declarative memories).We encode __________ through conscious effortful processing.

• iconic memory,
explicit memories
• echoic memory

• other information skips the conscious encoding track and barges directly into storage.This automatic processing, which happens without our awareness, produces _____________(also called nondeclarative memories).


• explicit memories-
implicit memories
• iconic memory

a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli.



• echoic memory
• iconic memory

an impeccable, though fleeting, memory for auditory stimuli.



• echoic memory
• iconic memory,  

those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.


• chunking
• mnemonics memory<
• Hierarchies

organizing items into familial manageable units; often occurs automatically.

• Hierarchies
• chunking

composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts. Gordon Bower


• chunkinig
• Hierarchies

asic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.


• repression-
• proactive-
• retroactive interference-

retrieval failure
disruptive affect of prior learning on the recall of the information.


• retroactive interference-
• proactive- interference

retrieval failure
disruptive affect of prior learning on the recall of the information.


• retroactive interference-
• proactive- interference-

■forgetting as we get older, not paying attention to stimulus


storage decay-
encoding failure-

affects memory, decaying of memory after its encoded.


encoding failure
storage decay-

Distributed Practice
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.


• testing effect 
• spacing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, informa-tion. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval Practice effect or test-enhanced learning.


• testing effect
• spacing effect

encodes on a very basic level, such as a word's letters or, at a more interme-diate level, a word's sound


shallow processing
• Deep processing

encodes semantically, based on the meamng of the words.The deeper (more meaningful) the processing, the better our retention.


• Deep processing
• shallow processing <

a neutral center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

• amygdala
hippocampus

explicit-memory system:


cerebellum and basal ganglia
Frontal lobe and hippo
• amygdala

implicit-memory system:


cerebellum and basal ganglia
Frontal lobe and hippo

is with long term memory


relearning
recognition,
- recall

is with shorter term memory, happens quickly



recall,
recognition,
relearning.

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory



recall,
recognition,
• priming

retrieve same way it was coded.



• context-dependent memory-
• state-dependent memory -
• serial position effect-

what state of mind you are in is the best way to remember it (drunk or sober


• context-dependent memory-
• state-dependent memory -
• serial position effect-

our tendency to recall best the last (a Regency effect) and first items (a primary effect) in a list.


• serial position effect
• state-dependent memory ■
• context-dependent memory-

can not form new memories, can form memories of non verbal task


anterograde amnesia-
retrograde amnesia-

can not retrieve old memories


anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia

l psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your ___________.

The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ___________,__________ & _________.

The concept of working memory 

A. clarifies the idea of short-terra memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage. 
B. splits short-term memory into two areas—working (retrievable) memory and inaccessible memory. 
C. splits short-term memory into two substages—sensory memory and working memory. 
D. clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on space, time, and frequency.

Sensory memory may be visual (________ memory) or auditory (_______ memory)

Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about_______ items.

Memory aids that use visual imagery (such as peg words) or other organizational devices (such as acronyms) are called ________.

The hippocampus seems to function as a 

A. permanent storage area for iconic and echoic memories.
B. temporary processing site for implicit memories. 
C. permanent storage area for emotion-based memories. 
D. temporary processing site for explicit memories. 

Amnesia following hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an _____________(explicit/implicit) memory.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to 

A. the role of the hippocampus in processing explicit memories. 
B. aging people's potential for learning.
C. an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. 
D. emotion-triggered hormonal changes. 

Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of 

A. relearning.
B. declarative memories. 
C. retrieval cues.
D. deja vu. 

When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall 

A. the first and last items on the list. 
B. a few items at random. 
C. the first items on the list. 
D. the last items on the list.

When forgetting is due to encoding failure, meaningless information has not been transferred from 

A. the environment into sensory memory. 
B. long-term memory into short-term memory. 
C. short-term memory into long-term memory.
D. sensory memory into long-term memory. 

Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to 

A. level out.
B. decrease greatly. 
C. increase slightly. 
D. decrease noticeably. 

The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes _____________— interference.

. Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called _____

One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misinformation. This tendency is an example of 

A. retroactive interference. 
B. proactive interference. 
C. the misinformation effect. 
D. the forgetting curve.

We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of _____ _______.

20. When a situation triggers the feeling that "I've been here before," you are experiencing ______ ______.

Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if 

A. interviewers use precise technical and medical terms.
B. the children have a chance to talk with involved adults before the interview. 
C. interviewers give the children hints about what really happened. 
D. a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event, in words the children can understand. 

2- Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to DISAGREE about which of the following statements? 

a- Memories of events that happened before age 3 are not reliable. 
b. tend to repress extremely upsetting memories. 
c. Memories can be emotionally upsetting. 
d. Sexual abuse happens.