type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
A) classical conditioning
he view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
A) behaviorism
classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as sativation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth).
D) unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR)
D) unconditioned stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR)
D) unconditioned stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus?
A) conditioned response (CR)
classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral, stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
ACQUISITION
law of effect
variable-interval schedule
Acqusition
n classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
D) discrimination
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher. B.F. Skinner -father of ______________.
C) operant conditioning
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors Followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
B) law of effect
father of classic conditioning.
Pavlov
Watson
Skinner
Captain Hook
Pavlov
founder of behaviorism
D) Watson
____________ is influenced by biological, psychological, & socio-cultural influences.
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
C) cognitive map
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
learning by observing others, ie. Social learning theory (Albert Bandura)
B) observation learning
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
modeling
prosocial behavior
behaviorism
modeling
Frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brains mirroring of smoothes action may enable imitation and empathy.
positive, constructive, helpful behavior, the opposite of antisocial behavior.
prosocial behavior
observation learning-
prosocial behavior
in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a Food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or Key
A) operant chamber
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it Follows.
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
shaping
immediate reinforcers
delayed reinforcers
shaping
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reintorcers. A positive ^ reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A _____________ is any stimulus that, when removed arter a response, strengthens the response.
B) negative reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Sheduled pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
B) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
C) partial (intermittent) reinforcement
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses, (coffee shop cara ... out y get 10th free)
ehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences, at home, sports, or work, school.
operant behavior-
ispondent behavior
respondent behavior t
punishment
operant behavior-
Learning is defined as "the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring ____________ or ______________.
information; behaviors
Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates ____________,and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates ____________.
C.
•. In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n)____________ stimulus.
3. conditioned
Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of ______________.
discrimination
After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates
a. extinction.
b. generalization.
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. discrimination between two stimuli.
5. b
Thorndike's law of effect was the basis for ________work on operant conditioning and behavior control.
Skinner's
One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called ________
shaping
Your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, "I'll have to do that when he barks again." The end of the barking was for you a
a- positive reinforcer.
b. negative reinforcer.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.
B
Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called ___________reinforcement.
partial
A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, your fifth meal will be free. This is an example of a ____________Shedule of reinforcement.
B.
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a ________________ - _____________ schehedule.
13. variable-interval
A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a
D.
Which research showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS)?
C.
Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. This finding supports
D.
Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats
B.
Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated _________ __________.
latent learning
Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called ___________ ___________.
>. observational learning
According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience ____________nforcement or ___________
punishment.
vicarious; vicarious
. Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if
B.
Some scientists believe that the brain has ________neurons that enable observation and imitation.
. mirror
Most experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violence