-
pandemics only occurred starting 1900
development of vaccine in 1950s halted spread
polio
-
initial symptoms: fever, chills, back pain, loss of appetite nausea, infection
progressed symptoms: recurring fever, jaundice, internal bleeding, possible fatality
vector disease: yellow fever
-
-
-jungle strain: transmitted among monkeys and humans involved in timber cutting and agriculture
- -1950
- - haemagogus aegypti
-
- like yellow and dengue fevers, they believed came from ___
- retrovirus similar to ____ exist in domesticated rats and monkeys
- _____ could have favored mutations
- - animals
- - HIV
- - Natural Selection
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
-
first discovered in Korea among soldiers in Korean American War
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
more rain = more food, more food = more mice, hentavirus spreads through scant, inhaled hantavirus harmful to lungs
-
agents that induces genetic effects (drugs, chemicals, viruses)
How is transmitted?
Teratogens
mother- child transmission: through placenta to infect fetus
-
What are the characteristics of herpesviruses? How is it transmitted?
- - remain latent in body for long periods
- - many genes to evade and adapt to immune system
- body fluids
-
What are the symptoms of cytomegalovirus? What is the appropriate treatment?
- - neurological defects
- - congenital defects
- - fevers and weakened immune system
- intravenous valganciclovir
-
- "to creep" causes oral herpes cold sores around mouth and lips
can cause _____, which is transmitted through oral secretions or lesions of sores (i.e. kissing, sharing food)
Herpes Syndrome Virus Type 1
HSV- 2
-
causes genital herpes, sores around genitals or rectum transmission: sexual contact
both HSV are contagious even without sores present through ________
pregnant women with genital herpes can pass it on to their baby during birth
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)- Type 2
-
latin for "little red"
postnatal rubella/ German/ 3-day measles
rubella virus
-
postnatal rubella
congenital rubella syndrom (CRS)
can result in _________
rubella virus
can result miscarriage, stillbirth and/ or fetal malformations
-
TORCH series stands for
Toxoplasmagondii
Other Viruses (HIV, measles, etc.)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex
-
an uncontrolled, invasive growth of abnormal cells
normal > ____> cancerous growth forms tumor >_____
viruses and cancer
- mutation results in cancer
- tumors bud and spread throughout the budy
-
is a localized accumulation of cells
noncancerous growth
interferes with f(x) of surrounding normal tissue
neoplasma or tumor
benign
malignant, metastasize
-
cancer spreads from primary site of cancer to other body parts of the body via _______
often spreads to tissue
example
Metastatic Cancer
bloodstream or lymph system
metastatic melanoma often spreads to tissue under the skin, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain and bone
-
F. Peyton Rous
1911- ____________ Rous sarcoma virus
______- virus capable of causing cancer
sarcomas in chicken caused by
oncogenic virus
- - genetic mutations
- - cellular damage from environmental chemicals (15% from viral infections)
-
There are at least 6 known cancers:
- most are _____stranded viruses
- some are _____ sense RNA viruses
Human Herpes Virus (HHV)Human Papillomavirus (HPV)Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
-
"proviruses"
their genome is DNA, and is integrated into the host genome
DNA Tumor Viruses
-
Epstein- Barr Virus (EPV or HHV4), best understood human cancer virus which affects lymphocytes and epithelial cells
---discovery in African children, Burkitt's lymphoma, malignant, eventual destruction of the jaw
Human Herpes Virus (HHV)
-
_____---> Kaposi's Sarcoma
______ affects lymphocytes and epithelial/ endothelial cells in the blood vessels or lymphatic system
HHV8
-
______- benign growth (ie warts) of epithelial cells, can turn into malignant carcinomas
- infected cells but viral DNA remains free in cytoplasm of host
- Cancer HPV 8 and HVP 16, carcinoma of the uterine cervix
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
-
causes inflammation of liver
leads to 80% of all liver cancers
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
-
retroviruses, their genome is RNA, and is integrates into host genome
RNA tumor viruses
-
segments of DNA where the proteins produce by tumor viruses that cause uncontrolled cell division come from gene with potential to cause cancer
oncogenes
-
How does infection by retrovirus occur?
Receptor> endocytosis > copying of RNA by reverse transcriptase > displacement and degradation of RNA by virus encoded RNase H activity, provirus
integration of double stranded DNA into host DNA
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