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A central and defining view of rationalism is that of ___________.
innate ideas
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An ethical absolutist could argue that discovering that ethical beliefs differ from person to person or culture to culture ____________.
does not in itself warrant moral relativity
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Empiricist philosophers claim that knowledge is _________.
a posteriori
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Ethical relativism is traditionally distinguished from ________.
ethical absolutism
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The problem of evil initially claims that if God is all good, all knowing, all powerful, and there is in fact evil, then ________.
God cannot have all those attributes or God does not exist
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The teleogoical argument, or argument from design, relies on ________.
analogy
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The ________ argues that since an infinite causual chain is impossible, God must be an uncaused cause
cosmological argument
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Virtue ethics is about ________
identifying and cultivating morally desirable traits
emphasizing being more than doing.
looking at the kind of human being we ought to be.
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The ontological argument defines God as the ________.
greatest conceivable, or the most perfect, being.
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“It’s better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied, than a fool satisfied,” was said by ______________.
John Stuart Mill
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Knowledge known independently of sense experience is _____.
a priori
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_____ and _____ were rationalists.
Plato and Rene Descartes
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Descartes applied his method of doubt to _______.
everything
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_______ is the belief that reason, without the aid of sense percpetion, is capable of arriving at some knowledge, some undeniable truth.
Rationalism
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The view that there are innate ideas _______.
is the view that from birth ideas are present in the mind in some form
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_______ is the belief that all knowledge about the world comes from or is based on the senses.
Empiricism
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The British empiricists were _______.
Hume, Locke, and Berkeley
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According to John Locke, the mind is like _______.
a blank slate
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According to John Locke, _______ is founded in experience.
all knowledge
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The taste of a banana or the smell of a flower are examples of _______ knowledge.
a posteriori
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______ was the first to present the ontological argument in a formal, self-conscious manner.
Saint Anselm
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_______ is the belief that there is only one God.
Monotheism
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The _______ argues for the existence of God from the nature of God's being.
ontological argument
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The _______ argues that since an infinite causal chain is impossible, God must be an uncaused cause.
cosmological argument
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By "God," Anselm meant _______.
the greatest being imaginable
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Against the ontological argument, _______ reasoned that existence is not a property but a relationship between the thing conceived and the world.
Immanuel Kant
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The _______ aruges that the order and purpose manifest in the working of things demand a God.
design argument
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_______ claim that the existnce of God can neither be proved nor disproved, and thus that we shoudl neither accept nor reject the proposition.
Agnostics
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Ethical _______ holds that moral right and wrong depend on the culture a person belongs to.
Relativism
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_______ is a consequentialist theory.
Utilitarianism
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______ and ______ are nonconsequentialist theories.
The divine command theory, the Kantian theory
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According to ______, there is a single correct universally applicable moral standard.
ethical absolutism
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Writing about ethical relativism, James Rachels points out that the fact of ethical disagreement _____.
proves nothing
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Egoism is criticized for _____.
an inability to provide consistent moral counsel and an inability to resolve conflicts of interest
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According to ethical egoism, moral actions are ones that promote our ______.
long-term interests
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Jeremy Bentham is known for his ______.
utilitarianism
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Act utilitarianism judges the rightness or wrongness of an action ______.
- in terms of its ratio of happiness to misery within the group at larg
- on a case-by-case basis
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Nonconsequentialist theories include _______.
virtue ethics
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The divine command theory of ethics is _______.
a theory that says if we do what God wills, then we do the right thing
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According to Kant, nothing is good without qualification except ________.
a good will
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According to the categorical imperative, we should ________.
- - never act unless we are acting on a maxim we can will to become a universal law
- - act as if the maxims we follow become laws of nature
- - treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as means
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Immanuel Kant is known for his _______.
categorical imperative
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Virtue ethics identifies the ______ of the morally good person.
character traits
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The person who is deficient in the feeling of anger is ______.
apathetic
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The virtue ethics approach to ethics ______.
- - emphasizes character and its development
- - does not answer the question, "What ought I do?"
- - reminds us of the importance of personal ideals
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Kant held that we ________.
- - have perfect duties to ourselves
- - have imperfect duties to ourselves
- - have imperfect duties to others
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