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Ascomycota
no flagellated cells in life cycle
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Common trait between Basidiomycota and Ascomycota
Perforated septae
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Classes of Fungi
Ascomycota, basidiomycota, zygomycota
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Asexual reproduction in Fungi
- spores: usually non-motile
- fragmentation
- fission (cell division) and budding (mitotic cell division) in certain types (usually unicellular)
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Zygomycota
- no flagellated cells
- sexual reproduction by conjugation
- siphonous, coenocytic
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Pigments and chlorophyll in Phaeophyta
- chlorophyll a and c
- carotenoids and the xanthophyll fucoxanthin
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Starch in Phaeophyta
Sugars are stored as laminarin and transported as mannitol
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Cell walls in Phaeophyta
cell walls are composed of cellulose fibers; these fibers are embedded in algin
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Flagella in Phaeophyta
two laterally attached flagella, one tinsel, one whiplash
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Asexual reproduction in Phaeophyta
- sporophytes bear plurilocular sporangia that produce unicellular zoospores which are released and grow into a replica of the original diploid organism
- also, less frequently, fragmentation
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Conceptacle
- spherical cavities that contain the antheridia, oogonia and sterile cells called paraphyses
- also; a reproductive cavity in Fucus in which the antheridia and oogonia are borne
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Receptacle
aggregations of conceptacles
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Laminarin
a polysaccaharide of glucose used in long term energy storage in the brown algae
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Plurilocular Sporangia
sporangia with many cavities each bearing one diploid zoospore per cavity
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Unilocular Sporangia
sporangia with a single cavity and bearing many haploid meiospores
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Carotenoid
a yellow or red pigment found in plastids of organisms like the brown algae
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Fucoxanthin
a brown pigment characteristic of the Phaeophyta and which gives them their color
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Conjugation (zygomycetes)
fusion of two equal gametangia to form zygosporangium and zygospore
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Euglenophyta chlorophyll
- a and b
- chloroplasts surrounded by 3 membranes
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Euglenophyta cell walls
no cell walls; cells bound by plasma membrane
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Starch in Euglenophyta
- no starch but paramylon
- pyrenoids usually present, but paramylon usually formed in the cytoplasm
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Euglenophyta
- most unicellular and mobile by flagella, some colonial and sessile
- eye found in the cytoplasm
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Euglenophyta flagella
- flagella have fine hairs called tinsel flagella
- two flagella, one or both may emerge from the anterior invagination
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periplast or pericle
system of grooved strips inside the plasma membrane
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Rhodophyta cell walls
- calcium carbonate in some
- agar or carageenan
- No flagellated cells anywhere in this life cycle
- Many reds have pit connections in walls between cells
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Rhodophyta pigment, chlorophyll
- chlorophyll a only
- phycobillins absorb blue and green light
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Starch in Rhodophyta
- starch deposition occurs outside chloroplast - most red algae do not contain pyrenoids
- Floridian starch - a short polymer of glucose
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Starch in Charophyceae
- production of starch inside chloroplasts
- possession of cellulosic cell walls
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Chlorophyll in Charophyceae
chlorophyll a and b
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Flagella in Charophyceae
- asymmetrical
- have lateral or sub-apical flagella that extend at right angles from the cells
- have multi-layered structure present at base of flagella
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Charophyceae life cycle
- Monobiotic, haploid life cycle
- production of dormant zygote
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Flagella in Ulvophyceae
inserted apically
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Chlorophyll in Chlorophyta
chlorophyll a and b
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Starch in Chlorophyta
- Stores food reserves as starch
- Starch stored in plastids -> in chloroplasts
- Cell walls contain cellulose
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Flagella in Chlorophyta
- 2-4
- inserted apically
- whiplash
- equal length
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Zoospores
unicellular mobile asexual reproductive cell; meiosis, syngamy not involved
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Autocolonies
self produced copy of the parent colony
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Autospores
unicellular, asexual reproductive cell that is non-mobile
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Fragmentation
breaking up of a colony; most comon in filaments
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Types of Chlorophyta
Charophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyceae
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Cell divison in chlorophyceae
phycoplast
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Cell division in Ulvophyceae
no phragmoplast or phycoplast
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Cell division in Charophyceae
phragmoplast
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Kingdoms according to textbook
- Plant-like Protista green, red, brown algae
- Fungus-like Protista celular slime molds plasmodial slime molds
- Animal-like Protistaprotozoa
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Hyphae in Zygomycota
aseptate, coenocytic
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Hyphae in Ascomycota
septate
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Hyphae in Basidiomycota
septate, with dolipore in many species
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Asexual reproduction in Basidiomycota
budding, conidia (non-motile spores including urediniospores), fragmentation
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Asexual reproduction in Zygomycota
non-motile spores (sporangiospores)
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Asexual reproduction in Ascomycota
budding, conidia (non-motile spores), fragmentation
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Monobiontic Haploid
- A life cycle with only one free-living generation; there is no alternation of generations
- meiosis occurs in the zygote
- zygotes are the only diploid cells
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Monobiontic Diploid
- Meiosis occurs in the gametangia
- Vegetative phases are diploid
- Gametes are the only haploid cells.
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Dibiontic
- Meiosis occurs in sporangia
- Haploid spores develop into haploid vegetative stage (gametophyte generation)
- Diploid zygotes develop into diploid vegetative stage (sporophyte generation)
- a life cycle with two free living generations; alternation of generations
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Isomorphic
gametophyte and sporophyte are morphologically similar
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Heteromorphic
gametophyte and sporophyte are not morphologically similar
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both gametes motile, similar in size
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both gametes motile, female gamete larger than male
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female gamete (egg) nonmotile, male gamete (sperm) motile
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