PSYH 151- Chapter 7

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment and prior experience as determinants of behavior

A basic kind of learning that involves associations among environmental stimuli and an organism's behavior

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that already elicits a certain response without additional learning

The classical-conditioning term for a response elicited by and unconditioned stimulus

The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus

The process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that already elicits a response and, in turn, acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related response

Aka Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

In classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus

After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR

the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR

In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

After Jeff learns to fear spiders, he also responds with fear to ants, beetles, and other crawling bugs

The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences

The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows

The process by which a stimulus event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows

A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food

A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock

A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers

A stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers

A positive reinforcement in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response in no longer followed by a reinforcer

In operant conditioning, the tendency for a response that has been reinforced in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of other similar stimuli

In operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of other similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension

A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence

A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced

A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced

An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced

In the operant-conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response

During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior

The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior

also called applied behavior analysis

Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced

Reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced

A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement

Theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

A process by which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience

Sometimes called vicarious conditioning

A friend asks you to meet her at a new restaurant across town. You have never been to this specific address, but you find your way there anyway because you have experienced __________ learning

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, a little girl takes a lipstick and applies it to her own lips. She has acquired this behavior through a process of _______________   _________.