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Propagation
when a ripe fruit is eaten together with non-digestible seeds, and later deposited, with a little fertilizer, away from parent plant
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Toxic Fruit
- un-ripe fruits
- - colors usually detect toxicivity of fruit for consumers
- - often not noticed til after digestion by omnivores
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Generalist Feeders
feeders that will eat anything that doesn't eat them first
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Omnivores
(General Feeders) exploit whatever is available
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Omnivore Sensory Systems
designed to detect a wide array of foods
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Omnivore Dention
not specialized
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Omnivore Disgestion Mechanisms
designed to digest a variety of foods
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Omnivore Taste Aversion
(taste systems) well developed
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Temperate Zones
where there are seasons and seasonal variations in types of foods can be exploited
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Specialist Feeders
feeders well adapted to a specific diet in terms of location, capture, consummation (using a specialized dention), and digestion of a specific food source
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Specialist Sensory Mechanism
- evolved to best exploit their ecological niche
- (same as dental and digestive mechanisms)
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Specialists Dental Mechanisms
- evolved to best exploit their ecological niche
- (same as sensory and digestive mechanisms)
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Specialists Digestive Mechanisms
- evolved to best exploit their ecological niche
- (same as sensory and dental mechanisms)
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Tropics
areas where specific food is available year-round
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Convergent Feeders
filter feeders
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Co-Evolution
where a food source (flowers' nectar) in order to optimize population, have evolved flower shapes and configurations to optimize feeding by one specific species
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Small Particles
pollination though the use of pseudopodia (amoebas), cilia, mucoid surfaces, flagella, nematocysts, tentacles, setous (threadlike)
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Large Particles
swallowing of particles or the substrate containing the food (earthworms)
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Boring/ Scraping
snail teeth, algae eaters
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Seizing, constricting and swallowing
snakes
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Mastication
beaks, teeth – incisors, canines, premolars and molars
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Tearing off chunks
big reptiles, lions
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External digestion
starfish
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Soft tissue or fluids
usually invertebrates but, think of vampire bats, humming birds etc.
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Absorption through body walls
internal parasites, mites and micro-organisms
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Internal Parasites
tapeworms
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Mites
parasitic in your eye brows (or worse… in inner ear)
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Jumpers and Climbers
brachiates such as gibbons and other monkeys
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Pollination Systems
feature Co-evolution where both flower and pollinizers evolve to optimize for both plant and animal
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Dilute Nector
pollination system in which butterflies need both water and calories.
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Concentrated Nector
pollination system in which humming birds, need to maintain body temperature and fly, therefore, have a very high metabolic rate.
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Reptiles
use of either smell or vision to find food
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Infra-red
detect warm blooded food (pit vipers)
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Gymnarchus
generates a weak electrical field – can detect food objects that disrupt the electric field (electric)
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Search Image
where the attention evoking power of an object is enhanced by reinforcement or punishment
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Taste Sensitivity
special tissue needs may also determine what to eat
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Ring Dance
communication done when the distance to food is less than 50 meters
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Waggle Dance
communication done when the distance to food is greater than 50 meters
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Active Hunting
“To pursue or not to pursue??” aka “Safe-Distance Learning”
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Safe-Distance Learning
active hunting
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Searching Passively
choosing a waiting site and the competition for that site is critical
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Camouflage (cryptsis) and mimicry
important in searching passively
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Cooperative Hunting
the ability to plan, communicate those plans, and signal changes while the hunt is on
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Tools
inanimate objects – not internally manufactured that are manipulated in such a way so as to improve the efficiency of the user
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“Woodpecker” Finch
use cactus spine as a tool to capture wood dwelling insects
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Archer Fish
spurts streams of water at insects...
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Vultures, Crows, Seagulls
hurling eggs or clam shells onto rock
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Sea Otters
use a rock on their chests as they try to crack abalone shells
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Chimps and Termite
fishing and use of rock/ indentations in rock as hammer and ancil to crack nuts
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Chimps
modifty leaf through chewing to serce as sponge
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Apes
make tools for dipping honey and forplumbing the depth of water in streams
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Dolphins
use a sponge while bottom feeding
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Alcohol
found in ripe fruit (can be distilled from fermented fruit) associated with a lot of calories and a characteristic odor
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Spices
will kill bacteria and/or can serve as preservatives. Also, may aid in digestion, provide nutrient and vitamins.
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Epazote
decreases the most noxious aspect of bean eating...
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Dirt
counters or removes toxins and provides for dietary needs
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Habitat Selection
involves searching for a new place to live. Traveling to, locating, securing, and defending the new habitat are critical. in some cases, adaptations are necessary
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Incest Taboo
disperse tends to decrease inbreeding
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Philopatric
those who stay
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Density Independent
may be due to fire, hurricanes, and drastic environmental changes
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Density Dependent
may be due to disease, decreases in food, increases in predation, or overcrowding
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Orientation
a movement in direction
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Navigation
allows for correction of travel path in the event of displacement
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Clock Shift Experiments
the location of the sun is usually in tune with the internal clock
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Geomagnetic Cues
magnetic lines of force; can provide both latitude and longitude information for homing and migration
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Longitudinal Information
will indicate direction of travel, but will not tell animal HOW FAR it must travel
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Latitudinal Information
how far to travel
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DIP
inclination at poles and strength is greatest at the poles
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ferromagnetic otoliths
located in the part of the inner ear normally associated with balance, body position, acceleration, etc.
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Olfactory Chemical Cues
almost always in water
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Fresh-water eels
the champions of chemical cue utilization
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Sargasso Sea
(near Bermuda Triangle) where mating of the freshwater eels takes place
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Territoriality
the most fit controls the territory
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Communication
when an evolved signal is sent from one individual to another individual, and the recipient responds.
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Origins of Communication
can’t say for sure (except for humans), but one approach is to compare closely related species for signs of differential richness (i.e., complexity that conveys subtle information) when those species are compared.
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Defense
signaling groups to gather for mutual defense
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Endocrinological Systems
nervous system
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Stereotyped
when signal is same for all individuals and is consistent
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Graded Aspects
the degree or strength of the message
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Intentional Movements
the beginning portions of an attack sequence
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Displacement Activities
have to be wired in or learned since the meaning is not intuitively obvious
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Autonomic Responses
responses that are hard to fake
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Piloerection
hair standing on end
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Urinating or Deficating
other deposits such as spitting, hormonal marking, etc.
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Meta-Communication
communicating about communications
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Epimeletic Behavior
giving behavior
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Et-epimetitic Behavior
soliciting behavior
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Vision Cues
widely used... behavioral signals might be brief- displays, plumage, and other physical aspects are longer lasting. Almost always requires light
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Auditory Cues
very brief... must often be repeated (sensory memory for sounds is longer than for vision...)
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Ultra-Low Frequency Sounds
found in elephants and whale
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Ultra-High Frequency Sonar
used by bats, dolphins, whales, etc.
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Olfactory Cues
must be up wind or in near vicinity for an extended period of time...
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Pheromonal Control of Mating
Priming, Attraction and Signally "No longer available"
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Touch Cue
grooming or kneading
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Surface Vibrations
can pick up vibrations in the earth.
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Language
language based on human language characteristics
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Vocalizations and Meta-Communication
use of prosody and facial expressions....
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