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What is a muscle?
an organ that allows animals to move
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What does the muscular system do?
provides locomotion
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What are the three types of muscles?
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How do muscles interact with the cardiac system?
pump blood
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How do muscles interact with the digestive system?
smooth muscles help move things along down the system
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What type of movement is used by the skeletal system?
voluntary movement stimulated by the nervous system
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Why are muscles striated?
due to myofibrils
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functions of the skeletal systems:
- maintenance
- movement of body posture
- locomotion
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What type of muscle is the primary muscle of the body?
skeletal
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What type of cells are in skeletal muscle?
multi-nucleated myocites
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How does the brain control the skeletal system?
- a receptor sends a message to the brain that sends the message to the muscle
- effectors
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What type of movement does cardiac muscle have?
- involuntary movement
- has its own pace-maker
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What types of muscle are striated?
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What type of cells do cardiac muscle have?
branched, single nucleated cells
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What do intercalated disks do?
allow continual nerve impulses throughout the muscle
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What is the primary tissue of the heart?
cardiac muscle
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What is the function of cardiac muscle?
- heart contractions
- pumps blood into the circulatory system
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What type of movement does smooth muscle have?
- involuntary
- controlled by the automatic nervous system
- Homeostasis
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What are pennate muscles?
- feathering of muscle fibers
- make up tendons
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What are uni-pennate muscles?
- tendons on a single side of the muscle
- ex: extensor tendon
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What type of cells does smooth muscle have?
tapered, single-nucleated cells
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What is the function of smooth muscle?
movement in digestive system, eyes and hair
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What are bi-pennate muscles?
- have tendons on both sides
- ex: gastrocnemius
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What are multi-pennate muscles?
- tendons throughout the muscle
- ex: deltoid
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Functions of smooth muscle:
- 99% visceral (digestive system)
- 1% pupil dilation, erector muscles in hair
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How are muscles attached?
one end is usually fixed, other end moves towards the fixed end
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What is the origin of a muscle?
- fixed end
- proximal orientation
- not much movement
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What is the insertion of a muscle?
- moveable end
- distal orientation
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Tendons are usually found:
near the insertion point
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What does a flexor do?
- closes joint
- causes angulation
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What does an extensor do?
- opens joint
- causes straightening
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What is an antagonist?
- works against the primary mover
- help prevent over-extension or over-flexion
- ex: tricep
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What is the endomysium?
CT around individual muscle fibers
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What is the perimysium?
CT around a bundle of muscle fibers
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What is the epimysium?
- dense, CT sheet covering a whole muscle
- separates muscles out from adjacent tissue and other muscles
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What is a fasicle?
small bundles within a specific muscle
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What's inside skeletal muscle?
striated muscle fibers grouped into bundles and surrounded by connective tissue
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What kind of junctions cause muscles to contract?
nueromuscular junctions
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What are myofibrils?
- tiny parallel fibers that are multi-nucleated
- small in diameter but long
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What is the sarcolemma?
thin, translucent sheet that surrounds each myofirbril
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What is the location for nervous system interaction?
sarcolemma
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What are myofilaments?
- contain proteins
- cause contraction and relaxation
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What proteins are in myofilaments?
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What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?
houses intercellular calcium
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What does the mitochondria in skeletal muscles do?
use oxygen to make ATP
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What does the T tubule do in skeletal muscles?
allows neurotransmission to go through the muscle
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What does glycogen do in skeletal muscles?
- energy source stored in muscle
- drives ATP
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What do lipids do in skeletal muscle?
provide energy
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