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Principal Parts of Verbs
are not the tense (time indicators) of the verb; they are the elements that we use to construct the various tense
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What are the four principal parts?
- infinitive form
- simple past
- present participle
- past participle
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Infinitive form (present)
the from used with to
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Present Participle
the -ing form
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Past Participle
the for used with has or have
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Regular Verb
verb are formed with -ed
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Irregular Verb
- verb not formed by adding -ed
- present participle by adding -ing past participle is part + n or en
- past participle is infinitive + n / en / ne
- final vowel change from i simple past to a and past participle to u
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Active-vioce
- the object receives the action
- subject + verb + object
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Passive-Voice
- the subject receives the action
- object + "be" + past participle
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Subject - Verb Agreement
- a singular subject = singular verb
- a plural subject = plural verb
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Subject - Verb Agreement
Present Tense
- singular → verbs stem plus "s"
- plural → verb stem without "s"
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Subject - Verb Agreement
Indefinite Pronounce
words ending -one, -thing and -body → singular
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another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, enough, everyone, everybody, everything
singular
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some, all, many, some people, some thing
plural
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both, few, fewer, many, others, several
plural
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Subject - Verb Agreement
Compound Subject
subject that is joined with and → plural verbs
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Subject - Verb Agreement
Neither/ or, either/or, not only/ but also
verbs agrees with closer subject
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Subject - Verb Agreement
together with, in addition to and including
theses prepositional phrase are NOT part of the subject of the sentence, can mentally cross them out.
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Subject - Verb Agreement
Collective Nouns
- audience, band, class, committee, company
- referring to all together, as a unit → singular verb
- referring to the member as individually → plural verb
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Pronoun Form
Subject Pronouns
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Pronoun Form
Object Pronoun
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Pronoun Form
Subject and Object of Pronoun
- Subjective pronoun when its the subject of a verb doing the action (Chris and he went to the baseball game.)Objective pronoun when it gets the action of a verb (I gave Michelle and her a gift certificate)
- objective pronoun when it follows a preposition
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Preposition
- above, about, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, since, to, toward, through, under, until, up, upon, with and within.
- sits before a noun to show the noun's relationship to another word in the sentence
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A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
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Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Definition
- Pronoun: the words that substitute for or refer to a noun
- Antecedent: the words that a pronoun substitute for or refer
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Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Indefinite Pronoun (Singular )
Ending in -one, -body and -things must be refereed to by singular pronouns: he, she, its; his, her, its
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Use who and whom to refer to
people
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Use that and which to refer to
everything else
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When to Use "Who" vs. "Whom"
- who = subject preforming the action
- whom = object reicing the action
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Has and Have
Has is only for he, she and It
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Was and Were
- I was
- You were
- he/she/it was
- we were
- you were
- they were
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