BME418 Ch. 5 (2)

equation for finding the thermal and chemical equilibrium by maximizing entropy of the isolated systems (with two sub-systems).

Entropy equation with energy exchange between the two sub-systems:

Entropy equation with particle exchange between the two sub-systems:

Entropy equation with volume change relative to the two sub-systems:

General Entropy equation:

Gibbs free energy considering a closed system (increase of entropy):

Equation where the Gibbs free energy is defined:

Equation Free energy minimization equivalent to maximization of entropy

Express harmonic oscillator mechanical energy using Taylor series, at equilibrium, and effective stiffness:

The stronger the bond, the greater .....

Entropy additional definition:

Boltzmann equation (entropy formula):

Possible ways for arrangements of (Np) protein molecules on a DNA molecule with N binding sites: (Multiplicity factor and Entropy)

Simplify the entropy of promoter binding to DNA: