Organic Chem Chap. 4 5 6

All group 18 elements have 8 valence e- except He Has 2 val. e-

Same as Octet except for 2 e-

Same # of positive charges as negative charges

More protons overall + charge especially metals that lose e-

More electrons overall - Charge especially nonmetals that gain e-

Compound totally diff. than original atoms. Need cation and anion, right proportion to make a neutral compound.

Na₂¹⁺  + S₁^2-  

• Have variables charges more than 1 possible ionic charge.
• Use roman numerals.

• Cross rule in reverse
• Cheek anion for correctness
• If not correct, multiply "both" Cation + anion by Anion #

OH^-

NH₄⁺

NO₃ ^-

NO₂ ^-

ClO₄ ^-

ClO₃ ^-

ClO₂ ^-

ClO^-

CO₃ ^2-

HCO₃ ^-

CN^-

C₂ H₃ O₂ ^-

SO₄ ^2-

HSO₄ ^-

SO₃ ^2-

HSO₃ ^-

PO₄ ^3-

HPO₄ ^2-

H₂ PO₄ ^-

PO₃ ^3-

Cation (+) + Anion (-), Opposite attract

2⁺ anions (-) - nonmetals. Made of 2 non-metals. Sharing of valence "e"

• Single Covalent Bonds Share 2e-
• Double " " 4e-
• Triple " " 6e-

• H₂ , N₂ , O₂ , F₂ , Cl₂ , Br₂ , I₂ 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Ability of an atom to attract val e-. Causes non symmetrical sharing of e- causes a "Polar bond" Increase E. N -> Increases E.N Up

1.8 +

0 - 0.4

(0.5 - 1.7)

Ag¹⁺ , Zn²⁺ &  Cd²⁺ No Roman numerals

• Sn (II) Sn (IV) -> Sn²⁺ Sn⁴⁺ 
• Pb (II) Pb (III) Pb (IV) -> Pb²⁺  Pb³⁺  Pb⁴⁺

Ionic compound - metal + nonmetal

covalent - H plus F, O, N

Polar covalent, diff EN 0.5-1.7

nonpolar covalent -diff EN 0 - 0.4

6.02 X 10²³

• # Atoms <-> # moles
• # Ions <-> # moles
• # Moleculres <-> # moles
• # Formula units <->

use subscripts to get moles of atoms

Use 3 sig figs

Tell how many moles of compound are present

Type of atoms in reaction type of atoms in products

Mass of all reactants mass of all products

Oxidation is a loss e- or H. Gain O

Reduction s a gain:e- or H. Loss O. Good for electrons & hydrogen

A single element. Atoms don't have a charge

Energy released. Gets hot. Energy is a product written on right side of the chemical equation. Reactants have more energy than.

Energy absorbed (required) by reactants gets cold energy is a reactant written on the left side of the chemical equation. Reactants have less energy than products.

They reduce activation energy. They are never used up - reused. never part of the product.

Homogeneous mixture = Solute + Solvent.

Occurs in lesser amount

Occurs in greater amount

All about ions. Compounds that will conduct electricity when dissolved. More ions in solution - more easily conducts

Ionic compounds. Solution contains many ions. Conducts readily bright light.

weak acids + water. solution contains some ions. somewhat conducts electrical light - dim light.

Covalent compound. Solution contains no ions. No conduction of elect - no light

Ionic charges = # of Eqquivalents

• Saturated solution
• Unsaturated solution

Cannot dissolve more solute "maxed out" reach solubility limit

Can dissolve more solute

Think Tea Up T Up Solubility. Down T Down Solubility

Think Fish Up T Down Solubility. Down T Up Solubility

Down P Down Solubility. Think about soda Up P Up solubility.

For gas (closed) affected by pressure not temp.

Small particles such as atoms, ions, or small molecules. Particles do not settle. Particles cannot be separated by filters or semipermeable membranes.

Larger molecules or groups of molecules or ions. Particles do not settle. Particles can be separated by semipermeable membrane, but nor by filters.

Very large particles that may be visible. Particles settle rapidly. Particles can be separated by filters.

Types of solution depend on size

Thru osmosis get high pressure system

Flow of Water thru a semipermeable membrane from a low concentration solution to high concentration solution. -Low to High- Up force, up pressure = up osmotic pressure.

• 0.9% NaCl (Cl1- -15 mEq)
• 5.0% Glucose (Na+ 15 mEq)

Stock Solution very concertated solution McVc =MdVd. C= concentrated, D=Diluted