Nursing 110 - Module I

Acute Illnesses

• Rapidly occurring & run their course
• Person is able to return to previous level of functioning

Chronic Illness

Irreversible Illness that causes permanent physical impairment

Requires long term healthcare

Written directives that allows people to state in advance what their choices for healthcare would be if certain circumstances should develop

Assault

Threat or attempt to make bodily contact with another person without that person’s permission                      

• Not allowing patient to have dinner until they do xyz
• Threatening to disrobe a patient if he/she does not want to            

Battery - An assault that is carried out

Self-determination, being independent, self-governing

Principle of doing good

Respecting privileged information

• Crime
• Violation punishable by the state
• Often an offense against people or property
• But considered an offense to the public as well       
•                             
• Referred in court as “the people vs John Doe”

• Tort
• A wrong committed by a person against another person (or his/her property)

• Action is taken in civil court
• Damages are settled with money
• Referred in court as “Jane Doe vs John Doe”

• Misdemeanor
• Less serious crime than a felony
• Commonly punishable with fines or less than 1 year in prison

• Felony
• Crime punishable by imprisonment by the state or federal courts of more than 1 year

A crime of greater offense than a misdemeanor

Sum total of human behavior or social characteristics peculiar to a specific group& passed down from generation to generation                                   

Guides what is acceptable behavior for situations                                   

Learned by each new generation thru formal & informal experiences                       

Arise from group’s social & physical environment     

Influences view of oneself, expectations, & how to respond to situations

Large group of people who are members of even larger cultural group

Nurses are subculture of healthcare group

Teens & elderly are subculture of general population

An order specifying that there is to be no attempt to resuscitate the patient in event of cardiopulmonary arrest

• Power of Attorney
• Authorization to represent or act on anther's behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter                

• Durable Power of Attorney
• Can represent interests after one is incapacitated
• (mental illness, life support, dementia, Alzheimer’s) until death

• Defamation (of Character)
• Intentional tort in which one party makes derogatory remarks about another in order to diminish the party’s reputation 

• Fraud
• Willful & purposeful misrepresentation that could or has caused loss orharm to people or property

Knowledgeable, voluntary, permission obtained from a patient to perform a specific test or procedure

• Legal responsibility for one’s actions or failure to act                        
• Includes responsibility for financial restitution of harms resulting from negligent acts

Advance directive specifying the medical care a person would want or refuse should he/she lack capacity to consent to or refuse treatment him / herself

Act of negligence as applied to a professional person (physician, nurse, dentist)

Performing an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would not do

Failing to perform an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would do

Principle of avoiding evil

Process that uses observable & verifiable info (data), collected in asystemic manner,to describe, explain, or predict events

Essential to health & survival of humans            Common to all people

Need for oxygen, food, water, temperature, elimination, sexuality, activity, rest

Highest priority

Essential for survival

Need to be protected from actual (or potential) harm

To have freedom from fear

Need for one to reach their full potential thru development of unique capabilities

Highest level on hierarchy of needs

• The need to feel good about oneself            
• To believe that others hold one in high regard

An unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or risk thereof

Law enacted by legislative body

Truth telling

• Morbidity
• The frequency that a disease occurs

• Mortality
• The number of deaths

• Learning
• Increasing one’s knowledge; having one’s behavior changed in a measurable way
• as result of an experience

• Affective Learning
• Changes in attitude, values, & feelings

• Cognitive Learning
• Storing & recalling of new knowledge in the brain

• Empathy
• Intellectually identifying with the way another person feels            

• Sympathy
• Being able to relate to someone because you have experienced what they have gone thru

Ability to read, understand, and act on health information

Interaction that sets the climate of movement of the participants toward common goals

Example - Nurse & patient

• Interpersonal
• Communication that occurs between two or more people with a goal to exchange messages

• Intrapersonal
• Communication to oneself

Prescribed way of using words, a means to express thoughts & feelings

Term used in communication theory to denote the actual physical product of the source or encoder

(a speech, interview, phone conversation, chart)

• Verbal Communication
• Exchange of information using words

• Nonverbal Communication
• Exchange of information without using words

• An occupation that meets specific criteria
• including a well-defined body of specific & unique knowledge, a code of ethics & standards, ongoing research, & autonomy

Feeling of mutual trust experienced by people in satisfactory relationship

• Receiver (Decoder)
• The person or object to which the message is directed

• Source (Encoder)
• One who prepares & sends message to receiver

Consistent, clear, structured, & easy-to-use method of communication between healthcare personnel 

Organizes communication between healthcare personnel

SITUATION,BACKGROUND, ASSESSMENT, RECOMMENDATION

An alternative therapy that involves using one’s hands to consciously direct an energy exchange from the practitioner to the patient to facilitate healing or pain relief

• Promote Health
• Prevent Illness
• Restore Health
• Facilitate Coping with disability or Death

• Ethnicity is a sense of identification with collective cultural group
• (share social beliefs, language, etc.)

• Based on specific physical characteristics
• (skin color, facial features, hair)

• Heath is a state of physical, mental, social well being
• It is not just the absence of disease
• Defined by now one feels

Wellness is an active state of being able to a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental, emotional health

Patient who has many chronic conditions but can still perform ADLs

Religious people of convents & monasteries

Dorothea Dix

1st professionally trained American nurse

Created the first system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients

Clara Barton

Considered the world's first Professor of Nursing

Mary Eliza Mahoney

• 5 Steps
• Assess patient
• Determine a nursing diagnosis
• Identify plan of care & expected outcome
• Implement the care
• Evaluate the outcome of the plan

• aka ADPIE
• (Assess, Diagnose, Plan, Implement, Evaluate)

• Observation
• Interview (patient history)
• Assessment

• Physiological
• Safety & Security
• Love & Belonging
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Actualization

• Disease
• Medical term defines pathological change in function

• Illness
• Response of person to that disease
• Different from person to person

A person may have a disease, but able to do ADLs so they are in a state of wellness (not illness)

• Primary
• Promoting health
• Preventing disease, injury
• Immunizations
• Take parenting classes
• Eat healthy
• Practice safe sex

• Secondary
• Early detection & prompt intervention
• Goal to reverse / reduce severity
• Mamograms
• blood screening
• Routine physicals
• Family counseling
• 
  Tertiary
• Begins after illness is diagnosed & treated
• Educate patient about how to monitor & control it
• Self support groups
• OT, PT, cardiac rehab

• Preparation Phase
• Look at old records
• Create right environment

• Introduction Phase
• Introduce self
• State reason for interview

• Working Phase
• Gather info to create subjective database

• Termination Phase
• Recap, highlight
• Alert patient about what is to happen next

For citizens 65+ and permanently disabled (and their dependents)

Reimbursement is on a fixed amount based on diagnosis or procedure

Preventable errors are not reimbursed (bed sores, injuries from falls, infections from urinary catheters)

• Medicare Part A
• Pays for hospital costs
• Financed by federal government

• Medicare Part B
• Voluntary & has monthly premium
• Pays for office visits, meds, home health services

Changes annually because it is tied to the federal budget

• Funded jointly by federal & state governments
• Managed by state (coverage will vary by state)
• For those of low income

• Duty
• Breach of Duty
• Causation
• Damages

What was this person's duty and how was it breached? Did this breach cause the injury / problem in question.

• Actual
• Risk
• Possible
• Wellness
• Syndrome

Infection

Anemia

polycythenia

Anemia

Dehydration

Measures gas components in arterial blood

Measures pH of blood

Reflect quality of ventilation & perfusion

Best to collect in morning

It is usually a serial collection

Inhale & cough deeply

Usually 1tsp of sputum is required

• Used to
• view lesions
• obtain a biopsy
• improve drainage
• remove foreign substances
• drain abscesses

Withhold food until gag reflux returns

• Measures integrity of pulmonary blood vessels
• Evaluate blood flow abnormalities
• Detect ventilation abnormalities