chapter 19 ap2

Largest artery of the body

Supplies the kidney

Supplies the duodenum and stomach

Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine.

Supplies pelvic structures.

Artery that does not anastomose.

Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery

Supplies the lower limbs

Common site to take the pulse

Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres

Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen.

Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall.

Carries oxygen‐poor blood to the lungs

Drains the scalp

Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle

Drains the upper extremities, deep vein

Artery usually palpated to take the blood pressure

Major artery of the thigh

Supplies the small intestine.

Carries oxygen‐rich blood from the lungs

Vessel commonly used as a coronly bypass vessel.

Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest

Site where exchanges of food and gases are made

Site where blood pressure is lowest

Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest

Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest.

Site where the blood volume is greatest

Site where the blood pressure is greatest.

Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance

The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.
True False

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.
True False

Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane
True False

The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis
True False

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima
True False

The thick‐walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries
True False

Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg.
True False

A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.
True False

The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.
True False

Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction
True False

The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues
True False

In infants and young people, congenital vascular problems are less common than congenital heart disease.
True False

The most common form of shock is hypovolemic shock
True False

Every minute, about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries.
True False

The pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose
True False

An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart.
True False

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses
True False

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance
True False

The first major branch of the femoral artery is the dorsalis pedis artery
True False

The azygos vein originates in the abdomen
True False

Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid
True False

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
A)   emotional state 
B)   blood volume 
C)   cardiac output
D)   peripheral resistance

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? 
A)   nitric acid
B)   atrial natriuretic peptide
C)   ADH 
D)   angiotensin II 

Which statement best describes arteries? 
A)  All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. B)  All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
C)  All carry blood away from the heart.
D)  Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?  A)  tunica media 
B)  tunica externa
C)  basement membrane 
D)  tunica intima

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of
A)  arteries 
B)  capillaries
C)  arterioles 
D)  vein

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called
A)   pulmonary circulation
B)   coronary circulation
C)   cerebral circulation 
D)   hepatic portal circulation 

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the
A)  elastic arteries 
B)  capillaries
C)  arterioles 
D)  muscular arteries

Aldosterone will ________. 
A)  promote a decrease in blood volume
B)  result in a larger output of urine
C)  decrease sodium reabsorption
D)  promote an increase in blood pressure

The pulse pressure is
A)  systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B)  systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
C)  diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
D)  systolic pressure minus diastolic press

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
A)   rapidly falling blood pressure
B)   cold, clammy skin
C)   increased heart rate
D)   rapid, thready pulse

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? 
A)   The skin will be cold and clammy.
B)   Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.
C)   Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
D)   Blood flow to the kidneys increases

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
A)   Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.
B)   They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. 
C)   The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
D)   They distribute blood to various parts of the body.

Which of the following is true about veins? 
A)   Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.
B)   Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.
C)   Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.
D)   Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

Which of the following processes provides a long‐term response to changes in blood pressure?
A)  baroreceptor‐initiated reflexes
B)  neural controls
C)  chemoreceptor‐initiated reflexes
D)  renal regulation

Peripheral resistance
A)  decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
B)  increases as blood vessel diameter increases
C)  is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
D)  increases as blood viscosity increases

Brain blood flow autoregulation
A)  is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons
B)  causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure
C)  is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level
D)  is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persis

Blood flow to the skin
A)   increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze
B)   is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells
C)   is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
D)   increases when environmental temperature rises

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
A)  hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
B)  plasma and formed element concentration 
C)  blood volume and viscosity
D)  hydrostatic pressure only

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
A)   circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant
B)   cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels
C)   hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
D)   vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
A)   tunica externa
B)   basement membrane 
C)   tunica intima 
D)   tunica media

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is
A)   significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter
B)   insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary
C)   significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
D)   the only factor that influences resistance

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is
A)   any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
B)   always fatal
C)   the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis
D)   shock that results from large‐scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure
A)   generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries
B)   is the same as capillary blood pressure
C)   is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure
D)   and osmotic pressure are the same

The hepatic portal vein
A)   is actually an artery
B)   carries oxygen‐rich blood from the liver to the viscera
C)   carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
D)   carries nutrient‐rich blood to the liver

The term ductus venosus refers to
A)   a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity
B)   damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins
C)   a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
D)   a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? 

A)   Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them.
B)   Low blood pressure is more desirable than high blood pressure.
C)   Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute‐containing fluid out of the bloodstream.

87)  Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?
A)   delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells
B)   gas exchange in the lungs 
C)   absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
D)   blood clotting

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
A)   activity
B)   postural changes
C)   the vessel selected to palpate 
D)   emotions 

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
A)   right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
B)   superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle
C)   left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava
D)   right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
A)   tunica media 
B)   tunica externa
C)   tunica intima
D)   tunica adventitia 

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called
A)  elastic arteries 
B)  arterioles
C)  muscular arteries 
D)  venules

Fenestrated capillaries ________.
A)   are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function
B)   do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys
C)   are not found in the brain
D)   are not more permeable than continuous capillaries

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________. 
A)   anastomoses 
B)   sinusoids
C)   thoroughfare channels 
D)   sinuses

Factors that aid venous return include all except
A)   venous valves
B)   urinary output
C)   pressure changes in the thorax
D)   activity of skeletal muscles

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? 
A)   170/96 in a 50‐year‐old man
B)   110/60 in a 20‐year‐old woman
C)   120/80 in a 30‐year‐old man
D)   140/90 in a 70‐year‐old woman

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. 
A)   Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
B)   Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.
C)   Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure.
D)   An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include
A)   nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers
B)   the dural sinus reflex
C)   renal regulation via the renin‐angiotensin system of vasoconstriction
D)   chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide

The velocity of blood flow is ________. 
A)   slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter
B)   in direct proportion to the total cross‐sectional area of the blood vessels
C)   slowest in the capillaries because the total cross‐sectional area is the greatest
D)   slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter

Select the correct statement about blood flow.
A)   It is greatest where resistance is highest.
B)   It is relatively constant through all body organs.
C)   Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
D)   It is measured in mm Hg.

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the
A)   left upper arm
B)   left side of the head and neck
C)   right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
D)   myocardium of the heart

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by
A)   the hypothalamic "thermostat"
B)   skin temperature
C)   ADH
D)   intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. 
A)   decreased size of the heart muscle
B)   increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
C)   increased work of the left ventricle
D)   increased incidence of coronary artery disease

The short‐term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? 
A)   chemoreceptors
B)   reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers
C)   altering blood volume
D)   reflex arcs involving baroreceptors

Secondary hypertension can be caused by
A)   smoking 
B)   stress 
C)   arteriosclerosis
D)   obesity

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
A)   lungs 
B)   heart
C)   liver 
D)   kidney 

106)  Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.
A)   150/90 
B)   130/80 
C)   90/55 
D)   120/80

If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?
A)  not necessarily 
B)  yes 
C)  no

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
A)   ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis 
B)   ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres
C)   ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis
D)   fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?
A)   a local increase in pH 
B)   an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide
C)   a local increase in histamine
D)   a decrease in local tissue oxygen content

Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? 
A)   rising blood volume
B)   all of these
C)   increasing heart rate
D)   falling blood volume
E)   increasing stroke volume

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?  
A)  an increase in oxygen levels 
B)  a decrease in carbon dioxide
C)  a decrease in oxygen levels 
D)  changes in arterial pressure

The first major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ branch

The embryonic mesodermal cells that will eventually form the endothelial lining of blood vessels are called ________.

The most common form of shock is