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what percentage of single parent families are headed by women?
85%
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what are actual causes of childrens problems in divorce? (not fatherless)
- economic hardships
- lack of parental supervison
- parental alienation syndrome
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current state of non marital births?
- increasing among adults
- less social stigma
- high among low income
- 1/3 of all US births
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trend of teenage pregnancy
- overall decline
- increase in out of wedlock
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describe cycle of poverty
pregnancy-less education-lifetime poverty-teenage pregnancy in next generation-infant disabilities
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why are low income women more likely to give birth out of wedlock and remain single?
- men with less or no money
- expectation of increased burden
- want to marry if it leads to financial stability
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what is child abuse?
physical or mental injury of a child by a person who is supposed to be responsible for the childs welfare
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what is the most frequent form of child abuse?
neglect
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what is intimate partner violence?
violence between intimate couples
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what is the porportion of women among intimate partner violence?
85%
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five factors in domestic violence
- misuse of physical punishment
- social isolation
- alcohol used as excuse
- coming from an abusive family
- poverty-stress-aggression
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is there a direct causal relationship of family violence and alcohol, coming from an abusive family, poverty?
No
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define crime
recognized violation of legal statute
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define law
norms formalized by the political authority
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two major categories of crime
misdemeanors, felonies
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what are the three types of crime statistics?
- UCR
- National Crime Victimization Survey
- Self Report Offender Surveys
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Explain the UCR
Index crimes- murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, auto theft, arson, larceny
Non Index crimes - all others
# of crimes committed per 100,000 population
steady decline since 1992
Shortcomings- reported not equal to committed, emphasis on crimes involving violence and property,
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explain National crime victims survey
conducted by DOJ
100,000 random households
victims background, relationship to offender, degree of harm, 7/10 go unreported
shortcomings - less reliable data on offenders, responses based on recall, truthful?, no data on victimless crimes
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explain self report offender survey
- population w/ known police record
- society's selection of criminals
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define index crimes & non index crimes
Index - murder, rape, robbery, burglary, auto theft, arson, larceny, assault
Non Index - all others
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define crime rate
number of index crimes per 100,000 pop
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define crime clock
how often index crimes are committed
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two major factors in the recent decline of crime rate?
demography- less % of people less than 26 yoa
Expansion of economy
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four index crimes that are "violent crimes"
murder, rape, robbery, assault
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profile of victims and offenders of violent crimes
male-young-black-intra-racial crimes- lower social class - unemployed - urban - family members
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victims and offenders of burglary
- blacks and hispanics
- lower class
- rental property
- urban
- offenders are in teens to early twenties
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what is identity theft?
use of someones ID to obtain credit
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what is white collar crime?
fraud, identity theft, embezzelment,
committed by mid & upper class
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define occupational crime
- committed by people in the course of their employment or normal business activity
- motivated by individual gain
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define corporate crime
- committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with it's support
- interest in max profit at the expense of consumers, employees, and society
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three negative consequences of white collar crime?
- great economic impact = or > street crimes
- social disruption and instability
- harmful to health and environment
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define victimless crime
no one suffers directly, a legislation of morality
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two functions of decriminalization
- cost managment (45-50k per prisoner)
- stimulates organized crime
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Four functions of the criminal justice system and which serves the basis of the system?
deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution
deterrence
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describe the concept of rational choice
- behavior based on individual choice / free will
- deterred when perception of cost > reward
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what is punishment?
delivery of aversive consequences in order to decrease some behavior
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two conditions under which punishment becomes more effective?
- must be severe, swift, and consistent
- must be perceived as fair- w/i norms and equally applied- otherwise anger and resentment
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five problems with harsher punishments (get tough measures)
- clogged system
- crowded prisons
- provide learning opportunities
- not aversive to career criminals
- impossible to measure deterrence rate
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what is incapacitation and it's purpose?
imposing restrictions on freedom of offender
lower recidivism rates
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what is rehabilitation and its purpose?
reforming the offender by providing the skills and attitudes that make returning to a law abiding life possible
promoting reintegration
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define retribution
application of revenge on behalf of the victim
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define restitution
paying for the damage
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how does strain theory explain deviance?
crime is outcome of imbalance in social system
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explain conformity
legitimate means for acceptable cultural goals
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explain innovation
illegitimate means for acceptable cultural goals
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explain ritualism
compulsive adherence to legitimate means without goals
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explain retreatism
withdrawal from goals and means (homeless people)
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explain rebellion
pursuit of non conventional goals with non conventional means
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how does control theory explain deviance?
humans are deviant by default - we come to conform to rules by bonding with society
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four sources of bonding to society?
- attachement - affection to others
- committment - the stake you have in society
- involvment - busy in conventional activities
- belief - sharing values and morals with others
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how does labeling theory explain deviance?
deviance is by social construction
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four steps in labeling process
- primary deviance - initial norm violation
- labeling - imposition of deviant identity
- stigmatizaion - public derogation, blocking opportunities to play legitimate roles
- self fulfilling prophecy - you behave the way others expect you to behave
- secondary deviance - persistent deviant behavior
- retrospective labeling - reinterpretation of past behavior based on present label
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why youth unemployment leads to urban crime according to strain theory?
youth unemployment leads to cultural dislocation by blocking of legitimate economic opportunities
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most significant factor behind high incarceration rate?
drug sentencing- drug related offenses defined as felonies
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what is medicalization?
treating drug use as a health issue and not a crime
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three stages for gaining and restoring social order?
- policing coupled with community involvment - community friendly policing
- restoration of social disorganization - urban decay and disorder
- opening opportunity structure - education and full employment policies
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