-
it transports a fluid called lymph through special vessels called lymphatic capillaries and lymphatics
lymphatic system
-
essential to helping us control and destroy a large number of microorganisms that can invade our bodies
lymphatic system
-
the lymphatic system consists of the ___
- lymp
- lymphatic vessels
- lymphatic nodes
- tonsils
- spleen
- thymus gland
- Peyer's patches
-
it drains from tissue spaces protein-containing fluid that escapes from blood capillaries
lymphatic system
-
plasma that moves out of the capillaries and into spaces between tissue cells
interstitial fluid
-
occurs when the interstitial fluid is not drained from the tissue spaces
edema or swelling
-
drains the interstitial fluid in the tissue spaces
lymphatic capillaries
-
once the interstitial fluid enters a lymphatic capillary, it is called ___
lymph
-
lymphatic vessels in the villi that absorbs fats and transport them from the digestive tract to the blood
lacteals
-
lymph in the lacteals look milky because of the fat content and is called ___
chyle
-
they originate as blind-end tubes that begin in spaces between cells in most parts of the body
lymphatic vessels
-
tubes which are closed at one end and occur singly or in extensive plexuses
lymphatic capillaries
-
forms when lymphatic capillaries unite to form larger lymph vessels
lymphatics
-
they resemble veins in structure but have thinner walls and more valves
lymphatics
-
lymphatics of the skin travel in ___ and generally follow the routes of ___
- loose subcutaneous connective tissue
- veins
-
lymphatics of the viscera generally follow the routes of ___
arteries
-
two main channels where all the lymphatics of the body converge
- thoracic duct or left lymphatic duct
- right lymphatic duct
-
they are oval to bean-shaped structures found along the length of lymphatics
lymph nodes
-
lymph nodes are also known as
lymphatic glands
-
length of lymph nodes
1 to 25 mm or 0.04 to 1 inch
-
the three regions of aggregations of nodes in the body
-
depression in the lymph node
hilium
-
it is where efferent lymphatic vessels leave and a nodal artery enters and a nodal vein leaves
hilium
-
capsular extensions that cover the lymph node
trabeculae
-
these are lymphatic vessels that enter the lymphatic node at various sites
afferent lymphatic vessels
-
cells that make up dense aggregations of tissue
cortical or lymphatic nodules
-
these are spaces between groups of lymphatic tissue
lymphatic sinuses
-
it is the framework of the lymph node
stroma
-
they remove dead microorganisms and foreign substances by phagocytosis
macrophages
-
united efferent vessels
lymphatic trunks
-
results when the lymphatics become obstructed by blockage, developing interstitial fluid in tissue spaces
edema or swelling
-
lymphatic trunks of the body
- lumbar trunk
- intestinal trunk
- bronchomediastinal trunk
- subclavian trunk
- jugular trunk
-
drains lymph from the lower extremities and the walls and viscera of the pelvis, the kidneys and adrenal glands and abdominal wall
lumbar trunk
-
drains lymph from the stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen and surface of the liver
intestinal trunk
-
drains thorax, lungs, heart, diaphragm and the rest of the liver
bronchomediastinal trunk
-
helps drain lymph from portions of the thorax
intercostal trunk
-
drains the upper extremities
subclavian trunk
-
drains the head and neck
jugular trunk
-
it is the main collecting duct of the system
thoracic duct or left lymphatic duct
-
these are masses of lymphoid tissue embedded in mucous membrane
tonsils
-
these are the ones commonly removes in a tonsillectomy
palatine tonsils
-
located in the tonsillar fosae
palatine tonsil
-
they are located close to the internal opening of the nasal cavity
pharyngeal tonsils
-
other term for pharyngeal tonsils
adenoids
-
they are located at the back surface of the tongue at its base
lingual tonsils
-
it is oval in shape and is the single largest mass of lymphatic tissue n the body
spleen
-
length of the spleen
12cm or 5 in
-
slightly concave border
hilium
-
phagocytizes bacteria and worn out patelets and red blood cels
spleen
-
bilobed mass of tisue located in the mediastinum along the trachea behind the sternum
thymus gland
-
it is the site for lymphocyte production and maturation
thymus
-
helps develop T lymphocytes in the fetus
thymus
-
Peyer's patches is also known as
aggregated lymphatic follicles
-
they are found in the wall of the small intestine
Peyer's patches
-
it is the ability of the body to resist infection from the disease-causing microorganism or pathogens
immunity
-
these are the results of the body's lymphoid tissue
- humoral immunity
- cellular immunity
-
the bulk of the lymphoid tissue is located in the ___
lymph nodes
-
these are cells that produce antibodies and provide humoral immunity
B lymphocytes
-
effective against circulating bacterial and viral infections
humoral immunity
-
b lymphocytes that enter tissues are called
plasma cells
-
they are responsible for providing cellular immuity
T lymphocytes
-
these cells come from thymus gland
t lymphocytes
-
this type of immunity is effective against fungi, parasites, intracellular viral infections, cancer cells and foreign tissue implants
cellular immunity
-
these are foreign proteins that gain access to our bodies via cuts and scapes
antigens
-
high molecular weight proteins that destroy foreign invaders
antibodies or immunoglobulins
-
they are formed in response to an enormous number of antigens
antibodies
-
they have a basic structure of four amino acid chains linked together by disulfide bonds
antibodies
-
400 amino acids
heavy chains
-
half as long as heavy chains
light chains
-
it is found in tissue fluid and plasma and attacks viruses, bacteria and toxins
immunoglobulin G
-
it is found in exocrine secretions, nasal fluid, tears, gastric and intestinal juice, bile, breast milk and rine
Immunoglobulin A
-
develops in blood plasma as a response to bacteria of antigens in food
Immunoglobulin M
-
it is found in the surface of B lymphocytes ad is important in B cell activation
Immunoglobulin D
-
associated with allergic reactions, attacking allergy-causing antigens
Immunoglobulin E
-
this is when B lymphocytes come in contact with antigens and produce antibodies against them
active immunity
-
it contains either killed pathogens or live but weak pathogens
vaccine
-
it is when a fetus receives its mother's antibodies
passive immunity
-
it is a major role for macrophages and is absolutely necessary for activation and clonal response of the T cells
antigen presentation
-
they are formed by replicating B cell and produce a huge number of same antibody
plasma cells
-
T cells that bind with specific antigens presented by macrophages
helper t cells
-
they stimulate the production of killer T cells
helper t cells
-
kill virus-invaded body cells and cancerous cells and also involved in graft rejection
killer t cells
-
slows down activities of B and T cells
suppressor T ccells
-
descendants of activated T and B cells produced during initial immune response
memory cellls
-
engulf and digest antigens
macrophages
-
released by sensitized t lymphocytes
lymphokines
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