social psych exam1

• an example of normative social influence; when a participant said the same wrong answer as everyone else, did the participant
• privately believe in the answer? No. People conformed on about 1 out of 3 trials;
• if at least one person did not conform in the group, then people conformed on
• about 6% of trials.

lack control, happens quickly

beliefs or thoughts that make up the attitude (stereotyping)

effortful control, deliberate, have control over

peoples perceptions of what actually happens in given situations, regardless of whether it's approved or disapproved by others (what is)

• an unjustified negative or harmful action toward
• the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group (ex. Racial profiling when getting pulled over)

valenced (ex: mean, dirty, nice, smart)

those that we are aware of and state to others; conscious and deliberate

when we explain peoples behavior we have the tendency to over estimate internal dispositional factors, and underestimate the role of situational factors

people exaggerate how much they known an outcome will occur, after it happens

people tend to over estimate the association between two things when both things are distinctive and unusual. we often stereotype minority groups because both they and the characteristics/behavior are distinctive, which we remember more and pay more attention to

those that are outside of our awareness

outside of our awareness, automatic

the influence of others that leads us to conform because we see other people as a source of information to guide our behavior (the need to know what's right)

prejudice against outside groups; major underlying motive is to maintain our self-esteem

peoples perception of what behaviors are approved or disapproved (should/should nots)

in groups where every student had an important role and could contribute to an end, shared goal, there were more positive race relations; example of inter group contact

managerial stereotypes "fit" better with male stereotypes compare to female stereotypes; this lack of fit leads to penalties for successors and lower evaluations of women in male stereotyped fields

how often you're treated unfairly because of the way you speak or write english

forgetting or omitting information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

the case where a minority of group members influence the behavior or beliefs of the majority

the influence of others that leads us to conform because we see other people as a source of information to guide our behavior; the need to be accepted

the belief that "they" are all alike

people tend to rate women as "cold" "selfish" "manipulative" and generatively unlikeable, even if no information about interpersonal qualities are given

a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group; an attitude with three components: affective (emotional) type of emotion linked with the attitude, behavioral: how people act on emotions and thoughts, and cognitive: beliefs and thoughts that make up the attitude

limited resources causes conflict between groups, which causes prejudice

non-valenced (ex: asians, computers and karate)

emphasizing information that is consisted with our stereotypes

especially likely to pull the trigger when targets were black, whether they were holding a gun or not

just putting people into groups causes changes in how we think about them

even without conflict, we show in group bias because we want to maintain high self esteem (evidence from minimal group paradigm) "group A" "group B"

a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members; types of stereotypes: evaluative, semantic, explicit, implicit

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

when someone disconfirms a stereotype, we see them as "exceptions to the rule" and place them into a separate sub category

had students write about castro, if you like him or not, or write negative things about him even if you like him (situational factor: given choice or not, internal: whether they really like him or not) people reading their opinions of him went down

80% of participants continued giving the shocks even after the learner cried out in pain

63% of participants delivered (max)

assigned to be a teacher to someone else learning word pairs and instructed to shock learner whenever they make mistakes; learner makes many mistakes and experiment instructor encourages you to continue (if you went to 150 volts, you likely would go to the end of 450 volts)

changing ones behavior due to the influence of others (can be real or imagined)

the implicit or explicit rules for acceptable behaviors, values and beliefs

asch line study.. normative social influence.. strength: how important a group is to you (positive correlation) immediacy: how close a group is to you in place or time (positive correlation) numbers: how many people are in the group (positive to a point; then doesn't seem to affect)

systematic attempt to manipulate thoughts and behavior of others; normative and social influence; conscious decision

invoking descriptive norms may backfire; college says students drink 5 times a week, people who don't drink increase their drinking and people who drink 5 decrease

we are socialized to obey legitimate authority figures; internalize social norm of obedience (obey even if authority isn't present)

social norm and universally recognized; without obedience there would be chaos

light is not moving we just perceive it this way

informational social influence studies; 1 study was alone, 2nd was with other people and 3rd was alone; same estimate as second session; public conformity lead to private acceptance. they actually believed it

conformity based on genuine belief that what they are doing is right

more conformity when task was important (51% vs. 35% gave wrong answer confederates gave)

the occurrence in a group of people of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause

emotions and behavior can spread rapidly amongst a crowd

not given much time to reflect on multiple conflicting norms

uncertainty or inexactness of meaning in language

just being in a group even if randomly assigned can cause bias

mental short cuts

generally not ok to be racist anymore; people hide prejudice

women are wonderful, however they are weak and less competent; men are agentic, however they can be bad and not expected to be warm

considered more untrustworthy and criminal (as rated by others) high implicit prejudice

the more someone had implicit positivity towards whites, the more money they would offer to the whites vs. african americans and vice versa

created to test implicit thoughts on a subject, whether we stereotype subconsciously

the ground in which an individual identifies as a member

any group with which an individual does not identify

peoples evaluation of their own self worth; the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent

minority influence; need to be cohesive and consistent agree, not waver.. to convince

quicker to shoot when black men were subjects; more likely to shoot when they were unarmed

we remember more; we process information in a bias manner

having more contact with each other; more amounts of contact, more cooperation, creates friendships and affective ties

the seeming importune of information that is the focus of peoples attention

stress directly from perceived discrimination

mothers who perceived more language based discrimination generally had infants who were sick more often

show things breaking stereotypes, but only work temporarily in breaking stereotypes; don't last

study that shows that the boys listed features more favorable to their in group and very unfavorable for the out group. study proves conflict between groups can trigger prejudice attitudes and discriminatory behavior

things that can heavily influence our actions, our environment, and things out of our immediate control (rosa parks exp: people just didn't see the sign and sat in her seat unknowingly)

personal, internal impact like an action or event that changed you or affected you

incremental shocks in milgrams experiment made it easier to keep going, and loss of personal responsibility "just following orders"

even arbitrary and virtually meaningless distinctions between groups like Group A and group B can trigger a tendency to favor ones own group at the expense of others; bias

genuine test of verbal abilities/intelligence: blacks performed worse on GRA whites performed better

just looking at problem solving and learning; whites did worse, blacks did better than in threat group