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science based 10 year national objective for improving the health of all americans
healthy people 2020
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3 of healthy people 2020 nutrition related preconception objectives?
- increase the proportion of women who are at a healthy weight prior to pregnancy by 10%
- reduce iron deficiencys among women of childbearing age by 10%
- increase the proportion of women who did not drink alcohol prior to pregnancy by 10%
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the actual production of children
fertility
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chance of pregnancy per month?
20-25%
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the biological capacity to bear children
fecundity
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loss of conceptus less than 20 weeks
miscarriage
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multiple miscarriages, low sperm count
subfertility
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what percent of couples in the US experience subfertility
18%
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primary effect of chronic undernutrition?
birth of small and frail infants with high likelihood of death in the first year of life
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associated with a dramatic decline in fertility that recovers when food intake does
acute undernutrition
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nutrition related disruptions in fertility?
- body fat
- weight loss in females
- weight loss in males
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weight loss in females can lead too?
- amenhorrhea
- anovulatory cycles
- short or absent luteal phases
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weight loss in males can?
stop sperm production
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what increases the likelihood of reproductive health problems?
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weight reduction methods?
- lifestyle changes
- decrease calorie intake
- increase physical activity levels
- weight loss surgery if else fails
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lower estrogen related to plant-based, low-fat, high fiber diets
plant foods
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appears to prolong time to conception
caffeine
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may decrease estrogen and testosterone levels or disrupt menstrual cycles
alcohol
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factors for infertility in males?
- alcohol intake
- low zinc status
- heavy metal exposure
- hormones
- heat
- steroid abuse
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EPA and DHA are needed for?
brain development in fetus
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what decreases risk for neural tube defects?
folate.. folic acid
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helps with bone development?
calcium and vitamin D
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needed for red blood cell production, growth, supplements may be recommended
iron
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not enough of this could lead to mental retardation
iodine
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cluster of symptoms
syndrome
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lack of period for 3 months
amenorrhea
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the system that regulates hormones?
endocrine system
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proteins produced in one area and go throughout the body,aka chemical regulators
hormones
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an endocrine and reproductive disorder of pre-menopausal women
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
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number 1 cause of infertility in the US?
PCOS
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has a negative effect on fertility?
PCOS
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usually presents at puberty?
PCOS
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some complications of PCOS?
- chin hair
- acne
- darkening of skin due to insulin resistance
- hypertension
- hair loss or thinning
- ovary cysts
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how is PCOS diagnosed?
- irregular periods or no periods
- bloods tests
- elevated testosterone, hirsutism, alopecia, acne
- cysts surrounding ovary
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high amounts of insulin?
stimulates testosterone in women
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metabolic complications of PCOS?
increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
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PCOS is treated similar to?
diabetes
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autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of small intestine
celiac disease
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inherited sensitivity to gluten in wheat, rye, barley which causes malabsorption and flattening or intestinal lining
celiac disease
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nutritional management of celiac disease?
- eliminate gluten in diet
- correction of vitamin and mineral deficiencies
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factors impacting nutrient needs?
- age
- body size
- gender
- growth
- illness
- medications
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recommendations for nutrient intakes developed by the food and nutrition board
dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
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applied to healthy people in the US and Canada
DRIs
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amount meets nutrient requirements of 50% of people in a life stage/gender group
EAR
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amounts meets the needs of most people in a life stage/gender group, estimated from the EARs
RDA
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amount thought to be adequate for most people, used when EAR and RDA cant be determined
Adequate intake (AI)
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gives the safe upper limit, intake above ___ can be harmful
tolerable upper intake level (UL)
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primary malnutrition?
- inadequate intake
- excessive levels of nutrient intake
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secondary malnutrition?
results from a condition (illness, surgery, disease)
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individual health assessment (ABCD)?
- anthropometric assessment
- biochemical assessment data
- clinical/physical assessment
- dietary assessment
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measurements of body size and waist
anthropometric assessment
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biochemical assessment?
- biochemical lab
- nutrient and enzyme levels
- DNA characteristics
- other biological markers
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visual inspection for features that may be related to malnutrition
clinical/physical assessment
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dietary assessment includes?
- 24 hour dietary recalls
- diet records
- dietary history and food habits
- food frequency questionnaires
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dietary guidelines for americans, 2010?
- basis for federal food and nutrition education programs and policies
- promote health and chronic disease
- science based guidelines for consumers
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daily values?
compare amount in one serving to the amount recommended for daily consumption
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autoimmune disease where something happens that triggers the body to kill whatever is used to produce insulin
type 1 diabetes
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in type one diabetes, the ?
beta cells in pancreas are killed off
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type 1 diabetes is the
acute death of beta cells
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all people with type 1 diabetes no longer
produce insulin and must get it from an external source
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what percentage of people with diabetes have type 1?
5%
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still produce insulin, but the receptor cells do not accept it
type 2 diabetes
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this type of diabetes happens over a number of years
type 2
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what percentage of people have type 2 diabetes?
95%
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type 2 diabetes is?
genetic
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diff between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- type 1 - acute death of beta cells
- type 2 - slow death of beta cells
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happens between 24-26 weeks of pregnancy, women cannot produce enough insulin
gestational diabetes
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baby needs all the glucose in the blood towards the end of pregnancy, therefore mom?
has to produce more insulin to be able to get it into her blood
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women with gestational diabetes cannont?
produce enough insulin and all the glucose goes to the baby, which would continue to get bigger and bigger
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what drive gestational diabetes?
placental hormones
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when placenta is delivered what goes away?
gestational diabetes
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