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List in correct order the 5 general functions of the respiratory system
- Ventilation
- external respiration
- gas transport
- internal respiration
- cellular respiration
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the exchange of air in the lungs
ventilation
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exchange of gases (o2, CO2) between the lungs and blood
external respiration
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Transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissue, and transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs
Gas Transport
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Exchange of gas between the blood and internal tissues
internal respiration
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oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria to make ATP
cellular respiration
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describe why we breath (2 statements)
WE breathe in order to bring O2 for cellular respiration, and get rid of CO2 released from cellular respiration
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what is the carbonic disassociation formula
CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3<> H+ + HCO3-
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what is the normal value of blood pH
7.35-7.45
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what is the normal value of blood PCO2
35-45 torr
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define alkalemia
when the arterial blood is a pH greater than 7.45
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define alkalosis
is the process of causing akalemia
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define acidemia
when the arterial bloods pH is less than 7.35
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define acidosis
the process of becoming academia
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define respiratory acidosis
respiratory process causing academia, indicator is pCO2 is above 45 torr
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define respiratory alkalosis
respiratory process causing alkalemia, pCO2 is below 35 torr
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according to the CDF what rises in order to cause a blood pH imbalance
CO2 levels rise
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what part of the brain stem controls breathing
Pons
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define hypercapnia
increased arterial pCO2
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define hypocapnia
decreased arterial pCO2
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define hyperventilation
when the rate and depth of respiration exceeds the demands of O2 delivery and CO2 removal
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what is the correlation between CO2 levels and rate and depth of breathing
- hypoventilation INCREASED pCO2
- hyperventilation DECREASED pCO2
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for a healthy individual what is the primary factor stimulating increased breathing activity
increased blood pCO2
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For an individual with COPD what is the primary factor stimulating increased breathing activity
less than 50% of normal pO2
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define baroreceptor reflexes
when arterial blood pressure decreases below its normal range, the respiratory minute volume increases to insure adewuate oxygen delivery
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Apnea
when breathing has stopped
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inflation reflex
occurs when stretch receptors in the lungs are activated and inhibit inspiratory muscle action, thus preventing the lungs from over expansion
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Daltons Law
all the partial pressures added together equal the total pressure exerted by the gas mixture
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partial pressure
this is the gas exerted by a single gas in a mixture of gases. as Px where x is the single gas
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ficks law of diffusion
- Dk * CG * SA * T
- _______________
- MW * MT
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in regards to Ficks what has a direct effect of diffusion
- concentration gradient
- surface area
- temp
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in regards to Ficks what has an inverse effect of diffusion
- molecular weight
- membrane thickness
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if the aveolar membrane is swelling due to asthma, what woould happen to gas exchange
- it would decrease due to Ficks
- if the membrane thickness increases diffusion will decrease
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typical gas values in alveoli
- pO2 = 100 torr
- pCO2 = 40 torr
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typical gas values in pulmonary capillary bed
- pO2 = 40 torr
- pCO2 = 45 torr
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hemoglobin
is a structure comprised of a heme group (iron) and a globin group ( polypeptide) and functions to carry oxygen to tissues
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oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin molecule that has an oxygen attached to it
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deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin that has lost its oxygen
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hemoglobin saturation
the precentage of heme groups containing bound oxygen at any given moment
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oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve
shows the saturation of hemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen
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bohr effect
- when hemoglobin will release more oxygen when the conditions have
- lower O2
- lower pH
- higher CO2
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during exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest, WHY
- it causes a right shift
- increased CO2
- decreased O2
- decreased pH
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carbaminohemoglobin
formed when CO2 molecules bind to the amino group on the hemoglobin molecule
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carbonic anhydrase
the enzyme is located in red blood cells which speeds up the carbonic acid dissociation
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what causes the chloride shift
occurs as HCO3- leaves the red blood cell and enters the blood plasma. this causes the blood plasma to become more negative. to correct this chloride is removed from plasma and enters the red blood cell
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where does CO2 come from
cellular respiration
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list the three ways CO2 is transported from body cells to lungs
- dissolved in plasma 7%
- attaches to hemoglobin 23%
- bicarbonate ions dissolves in the blood 70%
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where does the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ions occur
red blood cells
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the steps of inspiration
- phrenic nerve from medulla causes diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract
- the muscle contraction of the two increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
- the increase thoracic volume lowers the pressure (boyles law)
- Atmospheric pressure ( which is greater than the intra-aveolar pressure) forces air into the lungs
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what is the first step of inspirtation
phrenic nerve from medulla causes diaphragm and interconstal muscles to contract
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what is the second step in inspiration
the muscle contraction of the two increases the vol. of the thoracic cavity
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what is the third step in inspiration
the increase in thoracic volume lowers the pressure according to boyles law
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what is the 4th step in inspiration
atm pressure because it is greater than the intra-aveolar pressure forces air into lungs
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describe the steps of expiration
- the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
- elastic recoil of lung tissue and the weight of the chest decrease the volume in the thoracic cavity
- the reduced volume increases pressure forcing air out of the lungs
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what is the first step of expiration
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
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what is the second step of expiration
elastic recoil of the lung tissue and weight of the chest decreases the vol. in the thoracic cavity
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what is the final step of expiration
the reduced vol increases pressure forcing air out of the lungs
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the volume of air that enters or leaves during a respiratory cycle is
tidal volume
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during forced maximal inspiration, a volume of air in addition to the resting tidal volume is
inspiratory reserve volume
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during maximal forced expiration about 1,100 mL of air in addition to the resting tidal volume is expelled from the lungs is called
expiratory reserve volume
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even after maximal forced expriation there is about 1,200 mL of air that remains in the lungs this is called
residual volume
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the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume is this? this is the maximum vol. of air a person can inhale following a resting expiration.
inspiratory capacity
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the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume is this? the volume of air that remains in the lungs following a resting expiration
functional residual capacity
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the vital capacity plus the residual volume equals...
total lung capacity
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the inspiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume is this? this is the volume of air the person can take in after taking the deepest breath possible
vital capacity
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air that doesnt reach the alveoli and remains in the brochules and trachea is this
anatomical dead space
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the volume of air moved each minute is
minute ventilation
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the formula for minute ventilation is
- Ve = f * Vt
- Ve = the amount of air moved in and out
- f = the number of breaths per minute
- Vt = tidal volume
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if you have 16 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 900mLs per breath what is the formula and answer
- Ve = f * Vt
- Ve = 16 * 900
- Ve = 14400 mLs moved in and out of lungs
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the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute is
Alveolar ventilation
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the formula for alveolar ventilation
- Va = f * (Vt - Vd)
- Va = air reaching alveoli each minute
- f = breaths per minute
- Vt = tidal volume (normal is 500mls/breath)
- Vd = anatomical dead space
- Va = 12 * 350 = 4200 mls per minutes
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what are the 5 general functions of the resp. system
- ventilation
- external respiration
- gas transport
- internal respiration
- cellular respiration
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why do we breath
we breath in order to bring in O2 for cellular resp. and to get rid of CO2 released from cellular respiration
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the exchange of air in the lungs
ventilation
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exchange of gases between lungs and blood
external respiration
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transport of O2 from the lungs to tissue and transport CO2 from tissues to the lungs
gas transport
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exchange of gas between the blood and internal tissues
internal respiration
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oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria to make atp
cellular respiration
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what are the 4 main parts of the upper respiratory system
- nose
- nasal cavity
- sinus
- pharnyx
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5 main parts of the lower respiratory system
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchules
- bronchioles
- smalles bronchioles
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which portion begins at nasal cavity and extends to larger bronchioles
conducting portion
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which portion begins with smaller bronchioles and ends with alveoli
respiratory portion
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tiny air filled sacs in which gas exchange with the blood occurs
alveoli
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what are the three main functions of the mucous membrane
- purify the air
- warm
- moisten
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ciliated columnar with mucous cells to clean moisten and warm the air
respiratory mucosa
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stratified squamous to protect against abrasions
pharnyx
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ciliated columnar with mucous cells that cleans the bronchiole
trachea level
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what holds the trachea open
cartilaginous C rings
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cells becoming cuboidal as they change from columnar to squamous
bronchiole level
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simple squamous epithelium to allow for easy gas diffusion
alveoli level
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this is the opening between the vocal cords through which air enters and leaves the lungs
glottis
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this is the flap that covers the glottis during swallowing of food
epiglottis
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these prevent the trachea from collapsing while being able to change shape to allow food to move thru the esophagus
tracheal cartilages (C rings)
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this occurs when the bronchial tubes increase their diameter reducing the resistance of air flow
bronchodialation
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this occurs when the bronchial tubes decrease their diameter increasing resistance to air flow
bronchoconstriction
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what effect does the ANS have on bronchi activity
activation of Beta receptors by the SNS causes bronchiole dilation in support of flight or fight
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this is a fluid secreted by type 2 lung cells the function is to reduce surface tension to allow breathing
surfactant
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these are the individual air sacs in the lung in which gas exchange occurs
alveoli
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found at the end of the alveolar duct it is a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli
alveolar sac
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this is a common passage way this is connected to multiple individual alveoli
alveolar duct
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which bronchus has a larger diameter and a steeper angle
right pulmonary bronchus
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which side of the lungs does inhaled food tend to end up on ?
right lung
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list the air way conducting passagways in the lower resp. tract (7)
- trachea
- L and R primary bronchus
- secondary bronchus
- tertiary bronchus
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- pulmonary lobule
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why is inspiration active?
it require the use of thoracic and diaphragmic muscles to bring in air
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why is expiration passive
uses the elastic recoil of lungs
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what is boyles law
- P = 1/v
- P = pressure
- 1 = constant
- V = volume of the thoracic cavity
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use boyles law to describe INHALATION
as the volume INCREASESÂ the pressure DECREASES so atm is higher than internal pressure forcing air into lungs
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use boyles law to describe EXHALATION
as the volume DECREASES the pressure INCREASES so the atm is at a lower pressure than the internal lung pressure.
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