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Plasma membrane
Seperation between cell contents and outside; allows substances to transport through
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Cytoplasm
Vell content(gel like fluid)
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Nucleus
Control center, genetic material DNA
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Cytoskeleton
Internal support
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Mitochondria
Energy ATP producer through cell respiration
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Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Internal transport of molecules
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Goli apparatus (complex)
Packages molecules for export from cell
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Cilia
Tiny hairs for movement
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Flagella
Tail for movement
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Interphase
Cell is in non-division or preparing for cell devision
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Cytokinesis
cytoplasmic division
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Prophase
Chromosomes thicken, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles go towards the pole, mititic spindle fibers form. PMAT
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Metaphase
Chromosomes are lined up at the equator
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Anaphase
Chromosomes seperate and go towards the poles(hands)
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Telophase
Chromosomes almost reach the poles, new nuclear membrane forms, cytokinesis occurs
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Depth of focus
vertical distance of abject
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total magnification
specimen is enlarged
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ATP
RNA nucleotide responsible for providing energy needed for almost all lifes processes
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RNA
single strands of nucleotides, 1/2 strands of ladder, each ring is a nitrogenous base
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DNA
Double helix which resembles a twisted ladder, each rung is made up of 2 nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds
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A,C,T,G........DNA
adenine,cytosine,thymine,guanine
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RNA- a,c,u,g
Adenine,cytosine,uracil,guanine
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dexyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA
Sugar
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Nucleic acids
contain DNA,RNA. made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus and used to store and transfer info
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Protiens
amino acids...more than 50 its called a protien-1000 are considered macromolecules
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Phospholipids
contain 1 phosphorus group, 1 glycerol and 2 fatyy acid chains
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Lipids
neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids. used for energy storage, insulation and are componets for cell membranes.
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Lipids are made up of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain many nonpolar methyl groups which prevent lipids from dissolving into water
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Hydroxyl
Alcohol, -OH, different than OH- in bases, which is hydroxide.
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Hydroxyl group is found?
carbs, which include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
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Carboxyl
-COOH carboxylic acid,
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Carboxyl is found?
fatty acid chains, which make up most types of lipids, and amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
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Amine is found?
amino acids, which make up proteins
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Ketone found in?
byproduct of fatty acid metabolism. Ketones are strong and can affect the PH of body fluids
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Chemical Buffers
Substances that neutralize the effect of changes in PH by attching to H+ or releasing H+, many buffers are weak acids or weak bases
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Bases
- 7-14 when bases dissociated in water, they release hydroxide ions(OH-) Bases attach to H+ in solution
- Bases are proton (H+) acceptors
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Acids
0-7, when acids dissolved in water, they release hydrogen ions(H+) the number of H+ determine the acidity of a solution. H+ are also called PROTONS, acids are proton donors-donates protons.
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PH
Defined as the number or concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
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CAtion
Ion with a + charge, formed when an atom of an element loses an electron
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Anion
Ion with a - charge, formed when an atom of an element gains an electron
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Reproductive
- male- testes, penis
- Female- ovaries, uterus, vagina
- male-provides sperm to have babies
- Female- provides eggs to have babies
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Urinary
- Kidneys, bladder
- Maintains water, electrolyte and acid base balance of blood. rids the body of nitrogen-containing waste-urea
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Digestive
- GI tract, liver, pancreas
- Digestion and absorption
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Respiratory
- Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
- Keeps blood supplies with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide
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Lymphatic
- Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
- Cleanses body protecting against foreign substances
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Cardiovascular
- Heart, blood vessels, blood
- Transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, and nutrients to the body cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from the body
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Endocrine
- Various glands
- Helps maintain homeostasis by producing hormones(slow communication)
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Nervous
- Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Allows body to rapidly detect changes and to respond(rapid communication)
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Muscular
- Muscles attached to the skeleton
- Contractions for locomotion, generates heat
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Skeletal
- Bones, cartilages and joints
- Body support and protection of internal organs, provides levers for muscular action blood cell formation
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Integumentary
- Epidermal and dermal skin
- Protects deeper organs from ingury excretes waste, regulates body temp
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Dorsal
Spinal(vertebral) and Cranial
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Ventral
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
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Thoracic
pericardial, pleural,mediastinum
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Abdominopelvic
abdominal and pelvic
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G1
Inital growth preparing DNA replication
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G@
Second growth-prepairing for mitosis
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Epithelial tissue
Line surfaces with connective tissue
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Simple squamous epithelium
- single layer of flatted cells with flattened nucleus
- lung air sacs, kidney membrane
- exchange material by diffusion and filtrationm
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
- single layer of cells that are equal in height and width witha spherical nucleus
- kidney tubules
- secretion and absorption
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simple columnar epithelium
- single layer of cells which are higher than they are wide, with vertically elongated nucleus
- lines digestive tract
- secretion and absorption
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Stratified squamous epithelium
- stratified ep with top cells flattened squamous cells
- skin. mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus
- physical protection against wear and friction
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Pseudostratified columnar ep
- Fakely stratified columbar cells
- lines the trachea
- secretion of mucus traps debris, then cilia moves the mucus
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Transitional ep
- Stratified ep with the top cells "transitioning" from flat squamous-like cell when the tissue is streched, to a cuboidal-like domed cell when the tissue is relaxed
- Lines urinary bladder
- protection and allows stretching and recoiling
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Plasma membrane
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
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Smoth ER
lipid synthesis-Series of membrane-enclosed sacs that detoxify substances and synthesize lipids
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Mitochondria
Produces the bulk of the cells ATP
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Ribosomes
Granular organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis
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Rough ER
Protein synthesis-Series of membranes-encloused sacs with ribosomes on the surface
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Nucleus
Biosynthetic center of the cell
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Nucleolus
The cell's "ribosome factory"
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Lysosome
hydrolytic enzymes-membranes contain-Contains digestive enzymes
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Microtubule
cytoskeletal filament found in the cilia and flagella
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Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened sacs that modify and sort proeins
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Mitochondrion
power house, cell respiration
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centriole
mitotic spindle
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