ENTOM 305- Animal Health Entomology (Respiratory & Circulatory System)

• - system of air ducts running into and through insect body
• - major air ducts are trachea that open to the outside via openings called spiracles
• - intake, transport & utilization of oxygen
• - removal of carbon dioxide

- major frame of the tracheal network consists of a pair of lateral longitudinal tracheal trunk running close to the spiracles

• - segmental pairs of spiracles are the gates for external opening of tracheal system
• - function: discontinuous gas exchange & protection
• - one muscle metathoracic

• - dorsal vessel on top
• - ventral nerve cord on bottom

• - outside in: epidermal cell, procuticle, epicuticle, taenidium
• 

• 1.) telescopic movement of body (abdomen)
• 2.) discontinuous directional air flow
• 3.) primary mode is diffusion of gases across membranes; movement from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
• 4.) abdominal movement may lead changes in trachea volume by telescopic movements

• - hydrophobic hairs maintain siphon opened to air then close underwater
• - mosquito larva breathing through siphon (snorkel)

• - specialized structure to hold a thin film of air on the outside of the body
• - a densely arrayed hydrophobic hair pile

• - open system consisting of:
•    - dorsal vessel- pulsatile, elongate tube extending length of the body
•    - plus aorta & heart
• - organ specialized for circulations in open circulatory system

• 1.) Inorganic ions: chloride, phosphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium
• 2.) Organic molecules: trehalose, glucose, diacylglycerol
• 3.) Proteins
• 4.) Hemocytes
• 5.) Water

• - Prohemocyte, plasmtocyte, granulocyte, spherulocyte, adipohemocyte, oenocytoid, coagulocyte
• - large variations occur depending on insects

• 1.) immune systems & wound healing
• 2.) transport & storage of nutrients
• 3.) reservoir of fluid (water), nutrition & enzymes
• 4.) transport hormones
• 5.) hydraulic support
• 6.) heat distribution