A heartbeat of less than 60 beats per minute is called
bradycardia
The T wave of an electrocardiogram represents which event
the re-polarization of the ventricles
The central cardiac control region is in the _____ of the brain
medulla oblongata
The electrical initiation of a heartbeat begins in the _____ chamber wall
right atrium
The last in the cardiac conduction sequence is the _____.
Purkinje fibers
The first heart sound is caused by closure of the _____ valves
atrioventricular
Cardiac output can be determined by the following formula:
CO = HR x SV
Which structure contains the lowest amount of oxygen?
vena cava
The aortic semilunar valve prevents blood from returning to the _____.
left ventricular
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents a back-flow of blood into the _____.
right ventricle
The _____ valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle.
tricuspid
How many openings are there in the right atrium?
3
Which membrane is closest to the heart muscle?
visceral pericardium (epicardium)
The inability of the left ventricle to pump blood adequately to the body's cells is indicative of ________________.
congestive heart failure
A unique venous system, called the ________________, carries blood
directly from the intestines to the liver for processing rather than
directly into the inferior vena cava.
hepatic portal system
Blood is drained from the face, scalp, and superficial regions of the neck by the _______________.
external jugular veins
A deep wound to the upper thigh might damage the _____________ artery.
femoral
Which artery supplies blood to the ilium and muscles of the lower back?
iliolumbar artery
What does the electrocardiogram (ECG) QRS wave indicate is happening in the heart?
The ventricles are depolarizing while the atria repolarize.
How does the impulse to contract slow down slightly before it is transferred into the ventricles?
Junctional fibers leading into the AV node have very small diameters.
When do the A-V valves close during the cardiac cycle?
when ventricular pressure exceeds that of the atria
Someone suffering a heart attack in his anterior lower right ventricle probably had a blockage in which coronary artery?
anterior interventricular artery
Freshly oxygenated blood enters the heart through the ______________, and is pumped out the _____________.
left atrium; aorta
The _____________ has the thickest wall because it pumps blood to the ________________.
left ventricle; systemic circuit
The bicuspid valve __________________. (location)
is located on the left side of the heart
The layer of the heart that forms a smooth, protective lining of the heart chambers and valves is the _______________.
endocardium
Which layer of the heart or pericardium serves the dual purpose of lining the
pericardium and forming the outermost wall of the heart?
visceral pericardium (epicardium)
formula for Blood Pressure
BP = CO x TPR ( total peripheral resistance)
formula for resistance
8nl/ℵr4
formula for Stroke volume
SV = EDV-ESV
Mean arterial BP (MAP) formula
MAP = DP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
which circuit of the heart sends oxygen poor blood to the lungs?
pulmonary circuit
which circuit sends oxygen rich blood throughout the body
systemic circuit
which system sends blood to the heart
coronary system
during the heart sounds what makes the lubb noise
the av valve closes
during heart sounds what causes the dubb noise
pulmonary and aortic valves close
a decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel
vasoconstriction
Where is the heart specifically located
mediastinum
The average blood pressure in an artery is the _____
mean atrial pressure MAP
The atria will empty during ______.
atrial systole
Which fiber system is the first to depolarize in a cardiac cycle?
sinoatrial node
Which chamber of the heart contains the pacemaker?
right atria
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle each minute is calculated from which formula?
heart rate x stroke volume
The three factors that contribute to arterial blood pressure are cardiac output, blood volume, and _____.
resistance
The central venous pressure is the pressure in the _____.
right atrium
Which are the first vessels to branch off the aorta?
coronary arteries
The three arteries that arise from the aortic arch are the left subclavian, left common carotid, and _____.
brachiocephalic
Freshly oxygenated blood enters the heart through the ______________, and is pumped out the _____________.
left atrium; aorta
Someone suffering a heart attack in his anterior lower right ventricle probably had a blockage in which coronary artery?
anterior interventricular artery
When do the AV valves close during the cardiac cycle?
when ventricular pressure exceeds that of the atria
The atrioventricular sulcus separates the _____
atria and ventricle areas
Which of the following contains blood with relatively high oxygen content?
left ventricle
Which of the following contains blood with relatively low oxygen content?
pulmonary artery
When does blood flow into the coronary arteries?
during ventricular relaxation
About _____% of the atrial blood flows into the ventricles before the atria contract.
70
The _____ allows the atria to communicate with the ventricles.
A-V bundle
Which part of the heart is the last to become excited during a cardiac cycle?
superior ventricular region
Which area allows the atria to completely empty as the ventricles fill with blood?
S-A node
The baroreceptors located in the _____ respond to stretching by slowing the rate of the heart
aortic arch
The time taken for an impulse to travel from the S-A to the A-V node is evidenced in the _____.
P-Q interval
Which factors assists venous return to the heart?
total blood volume
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
visceral blood reservoir
The highest pressure exerted by the heart is called the _____.
systolic pressure
The brachial artery divides into the radial and _____.
ulnar
In an ECG, where does the depolarization of the atria occur?
P wave
Which layer of the following serves the dual purpose of forming the
inner layer of the pericardium and forming the outermost wall of the
heart?
visceral pericardium
The _____ valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle.
tricuspid
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents a backflow of blood into the _____.
right ventricle
The aortic semilunar valve prevents blood from returning to the _____.
left ventricle
Which structure contains the lowest amount of oxygen?
vena cava
Cardiac output can be determined by which of the following formulas?
HR x SV
Pressure within the atria is greatest when the ventricles are relaxing and the atria are contracting. true or false
true
As the ventricles contract, the pressure in them exceeds the pressure in the atria. t or f
true
A functional syncytium occurs when one cardiac muscle cell causes the ones around to inhibit their beat. t or f
false; A functional syncytium occurs when one heart cell causes the cells around it to contract synchronously with it.
An injection of acetylcholine into the heart could decrease the rate of the heart. t or f
true
the sympathetic nervous system usually has the effect of increasing heart rate. t or f
true
An increase in blood calcium or hypercalcemia can cause the heart to increase its pressure and have a prolonged QRS interval. t or f
true; Since Ca2+ is required for contraction, changes in blood
levels may adversely affect the heart; the prolonged length of the QRS
interval is related to a possible spasm of the cardiac musculature.
Normally the hydrostatic pressure of the blood exceeds its osmotic
pressure which causes a loss of fluids into the tissue spaces. t or f
true; Fluids are constantly lost from the capillary circulation but this
excess fluid is brought back to the circulation by the lymphatic
vessels.
Starling's law of the heart states
As the fibers stretch from the amount of blood present, the cardiac
muscle in the walls will exert a greater force of contraction.
When an atrium is in systole the ventricle is in diastole. t or f
true; In a normally functioning heart, the atria and ventricles are in opposite phases.
what does CICR stand for and mean?
calcium induce and calcium release
it means calcium comes in through gates to induce heart contraction due to the release of calcium
this increases the permeability of the capillaries
histamine
due to hydrostatic pressure water leaves the capillaries what is left over in the capillaries?
colloid plasma protiens
what is it called when water re-enters the capillaries?
colloid osmotic pressure
what three things effect stroke volume
preload
afterload
ventricular contraction
what is the term for the amount of blood the heart pumps every beat
