-
net movement of molecules from high concentration to low until equilibrium is recorded
simple diffusion
-
t or f, molecules do not like to be in small groups
true
-
does diffusion always take place in one direction?
no, it can go both directions at the same time
-
this type of diffusion has its own type of terminology
movement of water
-
molecules diffuse according too?
its own concentration gradient
-
differentially permeable membrane occurs with what type of diffusion?
water diffusion
-
a cell membrane has a ?
differentially permeable membrane
-
if a membrane is permeable, it can ?
pass through cell molecule
-
if a membrane is impermeable is can?
not pass through cell molecule
-
diffusion of H2O across a differentially permeable membrane?
osmosis
-
during osmosis water diffuses from?
high to low concentration
-
with osmosis you are interested in the ?
solvent not the solute
-
a 5% glucose solution = 95% water solution, which has the greater concentration of water?
the 5% glucose solution
-
10% glucose solution = 90% water solution, which has the lower concentration of water?
the 10% glucose solution
-
a problem that occurs with osmosis is when you are ?
dealing with solutions
-
tonicity only works for?
comparing 2 solutions
-
relative concentrations
tonicity
-
the solution on the inside of a cell is always gonna eb?
cytoplasm
-
the solution in tonicity that is outside of the cell could be?
anything
-
what is used to drive molecules across a cell membrane
concentration gradient
-
movement of molecules only occurs if being helped, can go in either direction
faciliatated diffusion
-
can go against concentration gradient, but it only used when they absolutely have to
active transport
-
osmosis is the ?
water flow
-
what acts as channels to facilitate movement from low to high concentrations
protein
-
what uses proteins as pumps, supplied with energy to move molecules across the concentration gradient
active transport
-
type of active transport?
bulk transport
-
moving larger quantities of material across membranes using vacuoles
bulk transport
-
bulk transport?
- uses vacuoles (vesicles)
- requires ATP
-
ex of bulk transport?
soap bubbles; little ones coming together and bigger ones separating
-
brings larger materials into the cell
bulk transport
-
bringing solid material in during endocytosis
phagocytosis
-
bringing liquid material in during endocytosis
pinocytosis
-
3 parts of endocytosis?
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor mediated endocytosis
-
membrane bounded space?
vacuoles
-
bulk transport requires?
ATP
-
[X1]=[X2]
- concentration of solute is same of inside and outside of cell
- concentration of water is the same
- the solutions are isotonic to one another
-
no net movement of water?
-
[X1]>[X2]
- concentration of solute in X1 is greater than X1
- X1 is hypertonic
- X2 is hypotonic
-
more concentrated, concentrated solutions
hypertonic
-
watery solutions
hypotonic
-
water always diffuses from?
hypotonic to hypertonic
-
to determine what will happen to cell, it involes the ____ and you are answering for the ___
-
eject to exterior, isn't differentiated by solid/liquid
exocytosis
-
lets out various mixtures of compounds made in other organelles, ex, secretions, digestion
exocytosis
-
what is bulk transport used for?
to solve problem of diffusing large particles
-
incorporated into cell as a coated vesicle?
LDLs through membrane by RME
-
differentiate by size, measure of EPD difference
volts
-
the greater the ____, the greater the difference
voltage
-
have charge associated with it
ion
-
distribution of ions inside the cell must be different from?
ions outside the cell
-
electrical potential difference includes?
-
voltmeter compares 2 parts based on placement of electrons
measuring potential difference
-
what does the voltmeter measure?
mv
-
magnitude of difference?
[-70mv]
-
the magnitude of difference is the charge?
outside the cell
-
characteristic of all living cells, doesn't matter what type of cell
[-70mv]
-
the resting membrane potential has a ?
specific charge and only one type of membrane potential
-
typical voltage in cells?
[-70mv]
-
caused by distribution of ions inside cell vs outside
resting membrane potential
-
-
with resting membrane potential, the charge is?
across the cell membrane
-
with RMP all pairs or points (in or out) are?
isoelectric to each other
-
phrase to remember for RMP?
negative to positive, inside to outside
-
Vm is a characteristic of?
all living cells
-
cell membranes are?
polarized, which is the state
-
depolarize?
reduce the state
-
hyperpolarize?
decrease charge
-
-
intracellular/extracellular ion # for K+
150/5.5
-
intracellular/extracellular ion # for Na+
15/150
-
intracellular/extracellular ion # for Cl-
9/125
-
intracellular/extracellular ion # for charged proteins?
-
in the distribution of ions, the net charge?
causes charge across cell membrane
-
force acting on ions trying to drive them from side of high concentrations to low
concentration gradients, or force acting on ions
-
if gradients were uneven, it would?
diffuse through membrane and eventually become even again
-
used to pump sodium out as it is leaked to the inside
active transport (ATP)
-
cell membrane is _____ to protein
impermeable
-
protein can not pass through ? meaning?
- the cell membrane
- all protein is on the inside because it can not get out
-
with the sodium potassium pump what happens?
it pumps 3 sodiums out and brings 2 in
-
how much of energy cell burns is used to maintain RMP of sodium and the sodium pump?
about 60%
-
the sodium potassium pump runs?
all the time
-
the cell membrane is _____ permeable to sodium
slightly
-
what does slightly permeable mean?
it can slowly diffuse to inside, kinda leaky
-
sodium is pumped out as it comes in to maintain?
concentration using active transport
-
concentration of potassium is?
self adjusting
-
cells only use active transport when?
they absolutely have too
-
the size of charge is important in?
resting membrane potential
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