Microbiology

Chemiosmosis occurs at the ___ ___ __ located on the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells, on the cristae of eukaryotic mitochondria, and on the thylakoids of eukaryotic chloroplasts.

___ allosteric regulation involves a reversible enzyme activator.

___ refers to all the chemical reactions in living organisms.

In aerobic respiration, the intermediate (or "prep") steps that follow glycolysis produce two __ groups (C₂H₂O) that are carried into the Krebs cycle (aka Citric Acid cycle) by Coenzyme A molecules.

___ refers to removal of CO₂  from a molecule; occurs during the intermediate ("prep") steps and during Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration.

___ ___ is the enzyme located at the end of a proton (H⁺) channel; it harnesses the kinetic energy or protons flowing through to make ATP.

The ___ is the molecule an enzyme works upon.

____ refers to removal of H₂ from a molecule; occurs during glycolysis, the intermediate ("prep") steps and during Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration.

Glucose is the ___ molecule for glycolysis.

Two pyruvic acids are the ___ ___ of glycolysis.

The ___ gradient formed during chemiosmosis represents potential energy.

___ ___ fermentation occurs in out muscle cells when the oxygen demand can no longer be met.

The net number of ATP (per glucose) made during glycolysis is ___.

The production of ATP by chemiosmosis at the electron transport chain of photosynthesis is  called ____ phosphorylation.

The electrochemical gradient formed during chemiosmosis represents ___ energy.

The movement of proteins (H⁺) through a proton channel is an example of ___ diffusion.

___ enzymes are secreted by a cell.

Negative allosteric regulation involves a reversible enzyme ____.

___ refers to the acetyl group combined with its Coenzyme A carrier.

Acetaldehyde is an ____ in the alcohol fermentation pathway.

Chemiosmosis occurs at the electron transport chain located on the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells, on the ____ of eukaryotic mitochondria, and on the thylakoids of eukaryotic chloroplasts.

When enzymes are exposed to external heat or pH, they are usually ____, and therefore inactive because of their changed 3-dimensional shape.

The ____ ___ is a metabolic pathway consisting of 9 steps controlled by 9 enzymes that is a part of aerobic respiration. It requires 2 acetyl groups and 6 H₂0 and it releases 4 C0₂, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ and 2 ATP.

___ enzymes remain and function inside a cell.

ATP consists of a nitrogen base called ____, a 5C sugar called ribose and three negatively charged phosphate groups.

The "high energy bonds" of ATP are more easily broke because each of the phosphate groups has a ___ charge.

The total number of ATP (per glucose) made during glycolysis is ___.

____ ___ is the enzyme that phosphorylates ADP using energy from sunlight or food molecules.

ATP synthase is located at the end of a ___ ___ so that the kinetic energy of protons flowing through can be harnessed to make ATP.

ATP consists of a nitrogen base called adenine, a 5C sugar called ribose and three negatively charged _____ groups.

Acetyl CoA refers to the acetyl group combined with its ___ __ carrier.

6 ____ molecules are required for aerobic respiration and 12 ___ molecules are by-products of aerobic respiration.

The __ steps (also called the "prep steps") occur between glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle of aerobic respiration; decarboxylation and oxidation occur.

____ literally means the "splitting of sugar"; this metabolic pathway occurs first and then leads into aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration or fermentation, depending on the type of cell and the situation.

All cells use ATP molecules to store ____.

___ inhibition occurs when an inhibitor blocks the active site of an enzyme, keeping the real substate from getting in.

Breaking down macromolecules (as in digestion) is the part of metabolism referred to as ____.

ADP → ATP _____ energy from good or sun.

Allosteric regulation of enzymes is a way to activate or inactivate an enzyme by temporarily changing its ____.

Metabolic ____ occurs when there are two or more possible precursors that lead to the same end products.

___ respiration requires oxygen and occurs in most bacteria, all protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

The intermediate steps (also called the "____ ___") occur between glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle of aerobic respiration.

Chemiosmosis occurs at the electron transport chain located on the ___ ___ of prokaryotic cells, on the cristae of eukaryotic mitochondria, and on the thylakoids of eukaryotic chloroplasts.

Cofactors are substances necessary to activate some enzymes; examples include metal ions from ___ and coenzymes from vitamins.

Sulfa drugs inhibit the enzyme that changes ____ into folic acid.

Two ____ ___ (C₃H₄O₃) are the end products of glycolysis: They are also the precursors of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation.

Pyruvic acid is the ____ ___ of glycolysis; Ethyl alcohol is the ___ __ of alcohol fermentation; Lactic acid is the ____ ____ of lactic acid fermentation.

___ ___ occurs at the proton (H⁺) pumps of the electron transport chain to establish an unequal distribution of H⁺ across the membrane.

Sulfa drugs inhibit the enzyme that changes PABA into ____ acid.

The ___ ___ is the region of a substrate that matches the active site of its enzyme.

____ regulation is a way to temporarily activate or inactivate an enzyme by changing its shape; it may be positive (involving an activator) or negative (involving and inhibitor).

Aerobic respiration is called aerobic because it ____ oxygen.

Coenzyme cofactors usually complete the active site of an enzyme and serve as electron "___," transferring them from one molecule to another.

_____ regulation of enzymes is a way to activate of inactivate an enzyme by temporarily changing its shape.

The number of ATP made (per glucose) by molecular rearrangement during the Kreb's cycle is ___.

6C0₂ and 12H₂0 are ___ -___ of aerobic respiration; 2C0₂ are ___-___ of alcohol fermentation.

Metabolic convergence begins with an ___ precursor.

Decarboxylation refers to the removal of ___ ___ from a molecule.

During Glycolysis, glucose undergoes ____ when 2H₂ are removed.

An ___ is a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the energy of activation that is necessary.

Anabolism occurs by means of a mechanism called ____ ___ (when molecules of water is removed from between two molecules, allowing them to bond together).

____ inhibition occurs when an inhibitor does not resemble the substrate and therefore does not block the enzyme's active site; heavy metal poisons such as lead, mercury and cyanide are all examples.

During catabolism, a ____ is broken down into many monosaccharides by means of hydrolysis (when a molecule of water is added between two molecules to help separate them).

____ are substances that are necessary to activate some enzymes; examples include metal ions from dietary minerals and coenzymes from vitamins.

Anabolism occurs when 3 fatty acids and a glycerol are joined together to form a ____ by means of dehydration synthesis ( when a molecule of water is removed from between two molecules, allowing them to bond together).

____ occurs at the electron transport chain and results in large amounts of ATP being made.

Catabolism occurs when a triglyceride is broken down into 3 ___ ___ and 1 glycerol by means of hydrolysis ( when a molecule of water is added between two molecules, allowing them to separate).

Anabolism occurs when many ____ are joined together to form a polysaccharide by means of dehydration (when a molecule of water is removed from between two molecules, allowing them to bond together).

ATP consists of an nitrogen base called adenine, a 5C sugar called ____ and three negatively charged phosphate groups.

Following fermentation in out muscle cells, lactic acids are carried to the liver where they are rebuilt into glucose in a process called _____.

Glycolysis, "prep" steps and Krebs's cycle all occur in the ____ of prokaryotic cell.

Each NADH results in ___ ATP being made at the electron transport chain.

Metabolic divergence leads to an ___ end product.

ATP → ADP ____ energy to do cellular work.

Catabolism occurs when ___ ____ (such as DNA or RNA) is broken down into nucleotides by means of hydrolysis (when a molecule of water is added between two molecules, allowing them to separate).

Coenzyme cofactors usually form from ___ in the diet.

In a eukaryotic cell, the "prep" steps and Kreb's cycle occur in the ___ of the mitochondria.

In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration is located on cristae, the inner membrane folds of organelles called _____.

A ___ ___ is a series of steps to change or transform molecules, with each step controlled by a specific enzyme.

___ is the part of metabolism that requires energy from ATP molecules.

Two ___ ___ (C₂H₅OH) molecules are the end product of alcohol fermentation.

In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located on thylakoids, the inner membrane folds of organelles called _____.

Adding a phosphate group to any molecule (including ADP to make ATP) is called ____.

NAD⁺ is a ___ "carrier" that becomes NADH when food is oxidized.

During chemiosmosis, and electrochemical gradient is created by active transport at a ____ ____.

In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chaing of aerobic respiration is located on ____, the inner membrane fold of organelles called mitochondria.

The ____ is the molecule that enters a metabolic pathway.

In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located on ____ , the inner membrane folds of organelles called chloroplasts.

An enzyme is an organic molecule called a ____, composed of specific sequence of amino acids.

During aerobic reparation, ____ is the final e^-/H⁺ acceptor.

___ ___ inhibition occurs when the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as a reversible inhibitor of the first enzyme of the pathway.

____ (such as NAD⁺ and FAD) are organic cofactors (or coenzymes) that are required by some enzymes; they are typically derived from vitamins in the diet.

The letters ATP stands for ____ _____.

___ occurs at the electron transport chain located on the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells, on the cristae of eukaryotic mitochondria, and on the thylakoids of eukaryotic chloroplasts.

The combining site of a substrate matches the ___ ___ of its enzyme.

Anabolism occurs when ___ are joined together to form a nucleic acid (such as DNA or RNA) by means of dehydration synthesis (when a molecule of water is removed from between two molecules, allowing them to bond together).

___ refers to the addition of water molecule during the Kreb's cycle.

____ respiration only occurs in a few types of bacteria; does NOT require oxygen.

Carbon dioxide is a ___-___ of alcohol fermentation that is used by the baking industry to make bread rise.

Glycolysis was originally known as the ____-___ pathway.

Metabolic ____ leads to an alternate end product.

____ cells net 38 ATP from complete oxidation of a glucose molecule.

Catabolism occurs when proteins are broken down into ___ ___ by means of hydrolysis (when a molecule of water is added between two molecules, allowing them to separate).

The production of ATP at the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration is called ____ phosphorylation because the energy comes from the oxidation of food.

Catabolic reactions occur by means of ____ (when a molecule of water is added between two molecules, allowing them to separate).

Glycolysis occurs in the ___ of all cells.

Enzyme names should end with -____.

ATP synthase is located at the end of a proton (H⁺) channel so that the ___ energy of protons flowing through can be harnessed to make ATP.

Positive allosteric regulation involves a reversible enzyme _____.

____ drugs inhibit the enzyme that changes PABA into folic acid.

Both brewing and baking industries depend upon the metabolic pathway known as ____ fermentation.

___ is the enzyme that breaks down ATP when a cell needs energy.

Each FADH₂ results in ____ (number) ATP being made at the electron transport chain.