-
What part of the earth is the Mohorovicic discontinuity?
boundary between the crust and the mantle
-
Term for the structure formed when a layer of rock breaks and moves?
fault
-
Term for deposits of sand, mineral fragments and organic material that cover most of Earth's surface?
sediments
-
Area where the upper mantle and the lower mantle merge?
transition zone
-
center part of the earth
core
-
Structure formed by the bending of rocks under great force?
fold
-
Name the three major layers of the earth, based on composition?
-
The most abundant element in the earth's crust?
oxygen
-
Theory for the idea that the earth's crust consists of huge plates that slowly drift over the earth's surface?
Theory of plate tectonics
-
Name the type of fold in which the rock layers buckle upward into an archlike structure?
anticline
-
Term for study of earthquakes.
seismology
-
Name the fastest type of earthquake waves.
P waves
-
Smaller earthquakes that follow a large earthquake for days or weeks.
aftershock
-
Name for the sudden movement of rock masses as a result of tectonic earthquakes.
faulting
-
Name the major strike-slip fault in western California.
San Andreas Fault
-
The slowest earthquake waves?
surface waves
-
Name for giant sea waves caused by earthquakes.
tsunamis
-
Name of the place on the earth's surface directly above where an earthquake begins.
epicenter
-
What is produced by rocks along a fault that may have been polished smooth?
slickenside
-
Name for the idea that rocks on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little or no strain as the moment of and earthquake, also causing vibrations in the earth's crust.
elastic rebound
-
A scale that measures earthquake strength based on it's effects on people and buildings.
Modified Mercalli Scale
-
Most famous scale used to measure earthquake strength?
Richter magnitude scale
-
Most reliable method to mathematically measure earthquakes strength?
moment magnitude scale
-
fixed-base system key points
- 1. building attached to bedrock
- 2. building frame & joints absorb earthquake energy
- 3. Negative = building deformed
-
energy-dissipating device
- 1. device added to structures to absorb seismic energy?
- 2. lessens stress on building
- 3. minimizes deformation
-
base-isolated system key points
- 1. Most common new construction
- 2. Building is on stiltlike isolators
- 3. Separates building from the foundation and absorbs seismic energy
-
The facts about the circum-Pacific belt?
- 1. The most active earthquake zone?
- 2. Included San Andreas Fault
- 3. 80% world's earthquakes
-
Earthquake belt that stretches from northern Africa, through southern Europe and Asia, to Indonesia?
Alpide belt
-
Type of fault where rocks along one side of the fault move horizontally along the fault?
strike-slip fault
-
Narrow zone of active volcanoes nearly encircling the Pacific basin making up more than 1/2 the worlds volcanoes?
Ring of Fire
-
Instrument used to record vibrations by earthquakes?
seismograph
-
The study of the earth?
geology
-
Term that all present-day continents are thought to have been one land mass?
Pangaea
-
Type of earthquake caused by sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface?
tectonic earthquake
-
Mountain formed when molten rock collects beneath overlying rock layer, forcing the layer upward into a blisterlike structure?
domed mountain
-
Mountain formed when rocks on one side of fault are forced upward and the rocks on other side are forced downward?
fault-block mountain
-
Mountain formed when molten rock erupts from a hole in earth's crust?
volcano
-
Mountain formed when two rock layers push together, causing layers to buckle?
Folded Mountain
-
Where are the effects of an earthquake most severe?
epicenter
-
Type of fault when rocks on one side of fault are shoved on top of the rocks on other side?
thrust fault
-
Type of fault where rocks along one side of the fault sink vertically?
normal fault
-
Name the boundary line between the crust and the mantle?
Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)
-
Molten rock in reservoir beneath the surface?
magma
-
Scientist who studies volcanoes and related phenomena.
volcanologist
-
Volcanic rock that forms when lava is emitted underwater?
pillow lava
-
Channel which a volcano ejects gases, ash, and rock from the earth's interior.
vent
-
Name for gently sloping volcano that pours out large quantities of lava in mild eruptions?
shield volcano
-
Name for volcano that will probably not erupt again.
extinct volcano
-
What type of large volcanic ejecta forms when liquid or semiliquid lava is thrown high into the air and hardens before hitting the ground?
volcanic bombs
-
Name the smallest type of solid volcanic ejecta.
volcanic ash
-
What is the source of the volcanic eruption?
magma chamber
-
What forms by molten lava that leaves an empty channel after an eruption ceases?
lava tunnel of lava tubes
-
What is formed by large amounts of magma that solidify?
sedimentary intrusions
-
Name of the sheetlike igneous intrusion formed when magma hardens into a vertical crack?
dike
-
Name of the domelike igneous intrusion that forms when magma bulges overlying rock upward.
laccolith
-
What is larger; batholiths or laccoliths
batholiths
-
85% of all earthquakes are what type?
shallow-focus earthquakes
-
Name for a bowl-shaped hollow 2 miles wide, formed by the collapse of an underground magma chamber.
caldera
-
Name of a large almond/teardrop shaped piece of ejecta formed when lava solidifies.
volcanic bomb
-
What is the inner core of the earth thought to be?
solid
-
Type of volcano consisting of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments held loosely together?
cinder-cone volcano
-
Type of volcano that is broad, gently sloping with large quantities of highly fluid lava that hardened into rock.
shield volcano
-
Type of volcano formed partly by explosive eruptions of ash and rock fragments and partly by mild lava flows.
composite volcano
-
Term for a particle or block of solid volcanic ejecta.
pyroclast
-
Name for lava that hardens into a smooth-textured rock with a "ropy" appearance.
pahoehoe
-
Name for lava that hardens into rough, jagged rocks with crumbly or "blocky" texture.
aa
-
Name for a superheated, incandescent cloud as gas and volcanic ash that flows swiftly down a volcanic slope.
pyroclastic flow
|
|