Science CH 2

  1. What part of the earth is the Mohorovicic discontinuity?
    boundary between the crust and the mantle
  2. Term for the structure formed when a layer of rock breaks and moves?
    fault
  3. Term for deposits of sand, mineral fragments and organic material that cover most of Earth's surface?
    sediments
  4. Area where the upper mantle and the lower mantle merge?
    transition zone
  5. center part of the earth
    core
  6. Structure formed by the bending of rocks under great force?
    fold
  7. Name the three major layers of the earth, based on composition?
    • 1. crust
    • 2. mantle
    • 3. core
  8. The most abundant element in the earth's crust?
    oxygen
  9. Theory for the idea that the earth's crust consists of huge plates that slowly drift over the earth's surface?
    Theory of plate tectonics
  10. Name the type of fold in which the rock layers buckle upward into an archlike structure?
    anticline
  11. Term for study of earthquakes.
    seismology
  12. Name the fastest type of earthquake waves.
    P waves
  13. Smaller earthquakes that follow a large earthquake for days or weeks.
    aftershock
  14. Name for the sudden movement of rock masses as a result of tectonic earthquakes.
    faulting
  15. Name the major strike-slip fault in western California.
    San Andreas Fault
  16. The slowest earthquake waves?
    surface waves
  17. Name for giant sea waves caused by earthquakes.
    tsunamis
  18. Name of the place on the earth's surface directly above where an earthquake begins.
    epicenter
  19. What is produced by rocks along a fault that may have been polished smooth?
    slickenside
  20. Name for the idea that rocks on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little or no strain as the moment of and earthquake, also causing vibrations in the earth's crust.
    elastic rebound
  21. A scale that measures earthquake strength based on it's effects on people and buildings.
    Modified Mercalli Scale
  22. Most famous scale used to measure earthquake strength?
    Richter magnitude scale
  23. Most reliable method to mathematically measure earthquakes strength?
    moment magnitude scale
  24. fixed-base system key points
    • 1. building attached to bedrock
    • 2. building frame & joints absorb earthquake energy
    • 3. Negative = building deformed
  25. energy-dissipating device
    • 1. device added to structures to absorb seismic energy?
    • 2. lessens stress on building
    • 3. minimizes deformation
  26. base-isolated system key points
    • 1. Most common new construction
    • 2. Building is on stiltlike isolators
    • 3. Separates building from the foundation and absorbs seismic energy
  27. The facts about the circum-Pacific belt?
    • 1. The most active earthquake zone?
    • 2. Included San Andreas Fault
    • 3. 80% world's earthquakes
  28. Earthquake belt that stretches from northern Africa, through southern Europe and Asia, to Indonesia?
    Alpide belt
  29. Type of fault where rocks along one side of the fault move horizontally along the fault?
    strike-slip fault
  30. Narrow zone of active volcanoes nearly encircling the Pacific basin making up more than 1/2 the worlds volcanoes?
    Ring of Fire
  31. Instrument used to record vibrations by earthquakes?
    seismograph
  32. The study of the earth?
    geology
  33. Term that all present-day continents are thought to have been one land mass?
    Pangaea
  34. Type of earthquake caused by sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface?
    tectonic earthquake
  35. Mountain formed when molten rock collects beneath overlying rock layer, forcing the layer upward into a blisterlike structure?
    domed mountain
  36. Mountain formed when rocks on one side of fault are forced upward and the rocks on other side are forced downward?
    fault-block mountain
  37. Mountain formed when molten rock erupts from a hole in earth's crust?
    volcano
  38. Mountain formed when two rock layers push together, causing layers to buckle?
    Folded Mountain
  39. Where are the effects of an earthquake most severe?
    epicenter
  40. Type of fault when rocks on one side of fault are shoved on top of the rocks on other side?
    thrust fault
  41. Type of fault where rocks along one side of the fault sink vertically?
    normal fault
  42. Name the boundary line between the crust and the mantle?
    Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)
  43. Molten rock in reservoir beneath the surface?
    magma
  44. Scientist who studies volcanoes and related phenomena.
    volcanologist
  45. Volcanic rock that forms when lava is emitted underwater?
    pillow lava
  46. Channel which a volcano ejects gases, ash, and rock from the earth's interior.
    vent
  47. Name for gently sloping volcano that pours out large quantities of lava in mild eruptions?
    shield volcano
  48. Name for volcano that will probably not erupt again.
    extinct volcano
  49. What type of large volcanic ejecta forms when liquid or semiliquid lava is thrown high into the air and hardens before hitting the ground?
    volcanic bombs
  50. Name the smallest type of solid volcanic ejecta.
    volcanic ash
  51. What is the source of the volcanic eruption?
    magma chamber
  52. What forms by molten lava that leaves an empty channel after an eruption ceases?
    lava tunnel of lava tubes
  53. What is formed by large amounts of magma that solidify?
    sedimentary intrusions
  54. Name of the sheetlike igneous intrusion formed when magma hardens into a vertical crack?
    dike
  55. Name of the domelike igneous intrusion that forms when magma bulges overlying rock upward.
    laccolith
  56. What is larger; batholiths or laccoliths
    batholiths
  57. 85% of all earthquakes are what type?
    shallow-focus earthquakes
  58. Name for a bowl-shaped hollow 2 miles wide, formed by the collapse of an underground magma chamber.
    caldera
  59. Name of a large almond/teardrop shaped piece of ejecta formed when lava solidifies.
    volcanic bomb
  60. What is the inner core of the earth thought to be?
    solid
  61. Type of volcano consisting of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments held loosely together?
    cinder-cone volcano
  62. Type of volcano that is broad, gently sloping with large quantities of highly fluid lava that hardened into rock.
    shield volcano
  63. Type of volcano formed partly by explosive eruptions of ash and rock fragments and partly by mild lava flows.
    composite volcano
  64. Term for a particle or block of solid volcanic ejecta.
    pyroclast
  65. Name for lava that hardens into a smooth-textured rock with a "ropy" appearance.
    pahoehoe
  66. Name for lava that hardens into rough, jagged rocks with crumbly or "blocky" texture.
    aa
  67. Name for a superheated, incandescent cloud as gas and volcanic ash that flows swiftly down a volcanic slope.
    pyroclastic flow
Author
Rayna
ID
282652
Card Set
Science CH 2
Description
Abeka Science CH 2, 8th grade
Updated