Sociology's the special point of view that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people
Sociological Perspective
The study of the larger world and our society's place in it
Global Perspective
The nations with the highest overall standards of living
High-Income Countries
Nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
Middle-Income Countries
Nations with a low standard of living, in which most people are poor
Low-Income Countries
A scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation
Positivism
A statement of how and why specific facts are related
Theory
A basic image of society that guides thinking and research
Theoretical Research
A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
Structural-Functional Approach
Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
Social Structure
The consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
Social Function
The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
Manifest Functions
The unrecognized and untended consequences of any social pattern
Latent Functions
Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
Social Dysfunction
A framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
Social-Conflict Approach
The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men
Gender-Conflict Theory (Feminist Theory)
Support of social equality for women and men
Feminism
The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
Race-Conflict Theory
A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
Macro-Level Orientation
A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations
Micro-Level Orientation
A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
Symbolic-Interaction Approach
The study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior
Positivist sociology
A logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation
Science
Information that we can't verify with our senses
Empirical Evidence
A mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified form
Concept
A concept whose value changes from case to case
Variable
A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
Measurement
Specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable
Operationalize a valuable
Consistency in measurement
Reliability
Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
Validity
A relationship in which two or more variables change together
Correlation
A relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another
Cause and Effect
The variable that causes change
Independent Variable
The variable that changes
Dependent Variable
An apparent but false relationship between to variables that is caused by some other variable
Spurious Correlation
Or personal neutrality in conducting research
Objectivity
The study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world
Interpretive Sociology
The study of society that focuses on the need for social change
Critical Sociology
The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
Gender
A systematic plan for doing research
Research method
A research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
Experiment
A statement of possible relationship between two (or more) variables
Hypothesis
A research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview
Survey
A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while in joining them in their routine activities
Participant Observation
A simplified description applied to every person in some category
Stereotype
What did Berger say?
He described "seeing the general in the particular"
Why did durkheim say people committed suicide?
They had too much freedom and not enough social ties
What did durkheim study?
suicide
Who coined the term sociology?
Comte
Who introduced the approach of positivism and saw sociology as the product of 3 historical stages (theological stage, metaphysical stage, scientific stage)?
Comte
What theory did karl marx take part in?
social conflict theory
This man founded the NAACP and was the first to earn his doctorates from harvard
W.E.B. Bois
Who came up with symbolic interaction?
Weber
Founded the Hull House
Jane Adams
What function was orderly and stable?
structural- functional approach
what is the independent variable, more education will lead to a larger income?