Ch. 3 2500

involves acquiring the rules of language that govern the sound structure of syllables and words

words that only differ by one phoneme

acceptable orders of sounds in syllables and words and the places where specific phonemes can and cannot occur

-using cues to segment streams of speech
-developing a phonemic inventory
-becoming phonologically aware

infants draw their familiarity with word and syllable stress patterns, or the rhythm of the language

parsing the speech stream. being sensitive to the probability that certain sounds will occur both in general and in specific positions of syllables and words

internal representations of the phonemes composing his or her native language

expression of phonemes from their native language to produce syllables and words. also known as expression

consonants that arrive in early development

consonants that arrive late in development

ability of an individual to attend to the phonological units of speech through implicit or explicit analysis

-syllable counting
-rhyme detection
-initial sound identification
-initial sound elision (taking away the first sound yields ___)
-phoneme counting

ability to attend to individual phonemes in words

teaches the relationship between letters and sounds

refers to the importance of a phoneme in the phonemic inventory of the language

grammatical morphemes are also known as

morphemes added to words to change their syntactic class and semantic meaning

occurs when a mature grammar specifies the use of a grammatical marker

derivational words are created by attaching morphemes to root words to yield _____ words

children's internalization of the rules of language that govern how words are organized into sentence

the rules and principles that speakers of a language use to structure sentences

calculating the mean number of morphemes per utterance provides a simple proxy for estimating the syntactic complexity of childrens utterances

this type of sentence makes a statement

these types of sentences express negation and rely on such words as no, not, cant, dont and wont

sentences that involve the act of questioning

childrens development of the interrogative sentence modality includes achievement of two major question types

a cluster of words organized around a head

connecting phrases, as in this sentence in which and links two noun phrases : I'm putting on my coat and my hat.

syntactic structure containing a verb or a verb phrase

Stage of Grammatical Development:

-Single word utterances predominate.

Stage of Grammatical Development:

Emergence of different sentence modalities: yes-no questions, wh- questions, imperatives, and negatives

Stage of Grammatical Development:

Grammatical inflections emerge (eg present progressive marker). Emergence of grammar as child follows basic word-order patterns

Stage of Grammatical Development:

Complex sentences emerge to feature multiclause sentences, such as object-noun phrase complements ("this is the one i made"), embedded wh- questions ("Thats why she went outside"), and embedded relative clauses ("clifford, who was so good, is still waiting")

Stages of grammatical development:

Emergence of coordinating conjunctions and adverbial conjuncts ("I am tired because i didnt take a nap")

refers to the use of phrase and clause structures as well as conjunctive devices for organizing internal structures of sentences

the talk directed to children by others, including parents and other caregivers

grammatically well-formed utterances containing simple noun phrases and verb structures

language disorders that only affect language

language disorders that are present at birth

language disorders that result from an injury or illness that damages the language centers of the brain

an individuals learning and storage of the meanings of words

a) acquiring a mental lexicon of about 60,000 words from birth to adulthood
b) learning new words repidly
c) organizing the mental lexicon in an efficient semantic network

a word spurt that begins near the end of the second year and continues for several years

differentiates words on the basis of their semantic roles

semantic taxonomy:

refer to a specific object

semantic taxonomy:

refer to all members of a category

semantic taxonomy:

describe specific actions, social-action games, and action inhibitors

semantic taxonomy:

describe properties and qualities

semantic taxonomy:

describe affective states and relationships

-concept represented by the word
-phonological form of the word
-contextual conditions at initial exposure

labeling an object or event that is outside of teh childs attentional focus

labeling an object or event that is currently the childs attentional focus

contextual information that is provided about a novel word either linguistically or extralinguistically

little contextual information is provided to help a person derive the meaning of a new word

as the human brain acquires new words, they are stores in a _____ ____ in which its entries are organized according to connective ties among them

the activation of specific entries spreads across the network according to the strength of connections among entries

involves acquiring the rules of language that govern how language is used as a social tool

-using language or different communication functions
-developing conversational skills
-gaining sensitivity to extralinguistic cues

intention behind utterances

Types of Communication Functions:

used to ask for something

Types of Communication Functions:

used to give directions and to direct others

Types of Communication Functions

used to interact and converse with others in social way

used to express a state of mind or feelings about something

used to find out information and to acquire

used to tell stories and to rol-play

used to provide an organized description of an event or object

childrens development of form and content is fostered in part by their experiences with other people as they use language to engage with these people

stylistic variations in language that occur in different situational context; for example, consider how you vary your language form, content, and use when making a request of a best friend versus your college professor

a way in which an individual approaches a situation, particularly one that is unfamiliar; their behavior style or personality type