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John Wintrop
- Model of Chistian Charity-1630
- "we shall be as a city on a hill...."
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Most Important historian
Frederick Jackson
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Differences between primary vs. secondary sources
- P: views skewed according to identity, gender, race and age-eyewitness is biased and limited scope
- S: overall big picture, agenda, may color or edit to advantage
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First people to write American HIstory
- Puritans 17th Century
- predestination: god controlled all and history equaled what made god happy or unhappy
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Schools
group of historians who approach things the same way
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Science based, rationality school of history
- patricians - 18th c. -1870c.
- rich white males
- Laws-god created to make sense of world
- * wrote for fun
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School of history writers that wrote for a living
professionals
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Fredrick Jackson Turners hypothesis:
- Frontier Thesis: Differences of US
- * frontier=edge of settlement & plenty of land=experience
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American Traits according to Fredrick Jackson Turner
adventurous, outgoing, survival
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School of history writers that used history to change America
- Progressives -1900-1940's
- * ideological weapon
- * struggle of U.S. labor to organize & improve
- *stress conflict & progress as American way
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Charles Beard
- Economic Interpretation of Constitution
- reflection of economic advantage of the guys who wrote it
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School of Historians that stated America is an idea, you can become an American
- Neo-conservations - 1940's-1960's
- *success, freedom, and democracy
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school of historians with the idea of gradualism is not good enough
- New Left
- See history from bottom up-minority Point of view
- * want changes faster-slavery, equal rights for all
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The 3 G's
- Gold, god & glory
- * reasons why the new world was established
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Factors in Europe that cause immigration to America in the 15th Century
(5 reasons, rrr++)
- Renaissance
- Reformation
- Rise of nation-states
- 1492(Columbus& Spanish)
- Technology of boats improved
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Reformation: who challenges the authority of church in Europe
- Martin Luther
- catholics look for people in the new world
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dates of rise of nation states
- 1558-1603
- spain becoming the 1st nation state
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2 important events during 1492
- Columbus sailed ocean blue
- * Spanish took back territory from Muslims & Arabs
- -have extra $$ & country is at peace w/self
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2 changes in the technology of boats
- ships design=speed
- directional devices invented
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Man who might've come to America first
- John Cabot(English) 1497
- -English started settling in America a century later
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American exports
- turkey's
- corn, beans, potateos
- syphillis
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Europe exports to america
- horses
- bananas
- oranges
- smallpox
- malaria
- yellow fever
- tobacco
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2 basic reasons why English settlers came here
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5 colonies established for economic purposes
- Roanoke("Lost") Colony - 1588
- Jamestown Colony - 1607
- Amsterdam - 1626
- South Carolina - 1670
- Georgia - 1733
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5 Colonies established for religious freedom purposes
- New England pilgrims - 1620
- Mass. Puritans - 1629-1640
- Rhode Island Puritans - 1636
- Maryland Catholics - 1634
- Pennsylvania Quakers - 1681
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Story with Roanoke Colony
- Lost-in outerbanks of NC
- England was sending supplies, went to war with Spain in 1588=no shipments for a few years
- when England returned they were gone
- -may have bred with natives
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1st permenant colony of English
- Jamestown Colony in Virgina 1607
- settled by London Company
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What went wrong with Jamestown?
- Gentlemen are sent to assess land
- -much hotter=deaths
- -John Smith saves
- -3 B's 1619(burgesses, blacks, & brides)
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explain the 3 B's of Jamestown
- Burgesses-advisers/early form of government
- Black-slaves 1660
- Brides-bring in women instead of breeding with natives
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Wall street starters
- Amsterdam, NY 1626
- * Dutch-diverse tolerant religion
- Wall to keep natives out
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colony with resettled prisoners
- Oglethorpe Georgia 1733
- prisoners that were in debt
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Great Migration
- Puritans angry at Europe church for not purifying
- John Winthrope brings over 10,000 to practice religion 1629-1640
- Establish a city that will inspire
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Mayflower Compact
- New England, Plymoth Pilgrims separate from religion 1620
- "make an agreement of colony government" out of necessity
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1st college established
- Harvard
- 1636
- Puritans-Massachutes
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believed natives were the devil because skin was red
Puritans-1636
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Liberal Puritan
- Roger Williams
- "forced religion stinks in the nostrils of God"
- goes to Rhode Island=freedom of belief
- Rhode Island 1636
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Roger Williams purposes
- * freedom of conscience
- * separation of church & state
- * baptist
- * believed in being good and fair to natives
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Catholic Haven
- Maryland 1634
- Calverts family-Baltimore head of family
- open to all religions-soon overran with protestants
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Pennsylvania/Dutch land
- William Penn-1634
- Quakers
- Amish & Menonites
- grows wildly & rich with land
- "Society of friends" leadership rotation included women
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Regional differences-southern land and labor
- headright system
- indentured servants
- slavery
- export-based agriculture
- rural society
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rural society of the southern land and labor
- institutions:
- -religion
- -government
- -education
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Regional differences: New England Land and Labor
- agriculture: local market
- Townships and institutions
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what was the headright system of the south
50 acres per person to those who came over-> led to the rich getting poor as indentured servants
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America's feudal past difference from England
- no history of class, structure restraint
- can become rich
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America's difference of family role from England
have to rely on family for survival, everyone worked for the family
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Uniqueness of American traits compared to England
- Self-reliance, no help from government-individualism
- violence with natives
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Why is it difficult for southern colonies to establish religious, governemtn and educational institutions?
rural-people lived miles apart-no cities
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What did New England do for $$
-how where they able to establish institutions?
- exports for fishing and trees for masts
- townships, 6 miles long, self governed, churches, schools, and stores
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why does the middle colonies have the "best poor man's country"?
what area is this?
who's there?
- bc soil is good, can farm food easily and live off the land
- Pennsylvania
- dutch & quakers-no opposition for immigrants, very diverse
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Problems inland/hinterland colonies faced compared to seacoast colonies
- Internal improvement-no $ for roads
- Representation-all government is seacoast, want to redraw lines so their concerns can be addressed
- Natives-need protection from
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Story of Bacon's rebellion
foreshadow of civil war
seeds of rebellion
- 1676
- bacon is a planter on frontier
- decides to take over government in east coast
- angry for lack of protection & representation
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3 hinterland groups that rebel against seacoast
- bacon's rebellion
- Paxton boys
- regulators
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Puritan Theology
- pre-destination
- man is sinners
- saved by gods grace
- saints have experience with god
- role of scripture
- moderation
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antinomianism
against churchs handed down laws
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reasons for sense of decline by the puritans
- half-way covenant (1662)had to bring in more people outside of original group
- King Phillips(1676) war on England puritans-lose
- Dominion of New England (1684-89)-takes away power
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How to the puritans try to compensate for the sense of decline?
salem witch trials
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who were the separatists?
pilgrims
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5 ways the puritans influenced today's system
- Limited government: checks & balances
- Self-government: local districts, community control
- Individualism: own ideas, challenge system
- Communalism: sense of community, covenant with god
- Education: 1st society requires education for everyone
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Man who thanked puritan leaders for being strong yet also thankful for not having to follow their ways anymore
- Nathaniel hawthorne
- the scarlet letter
- main street
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The two people responsible for the Great Awakening
- George Whitfield- god loves all, be good
- Jonathan Edwards-everyones going to hell
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5 points about George Whitfield
- 1740's
- Anglican minister-played on emotions-performer
- big voice & crossed eyed
- travelled to towns-only events
- divided groups: old vs new side/light
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4 points about Jonathan Edwards
- Yale graduate
- Revivalist pastor
- Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God-1741
- voted unanimously to dismiss him 1749
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3 pieces of information of the Great Awakening
- 1740's First periodic American religious revival
- Unifying influence: continent-wide
- Dividing influence: split congregations
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3 results of the Great Awakening
- Challenge to authority: religion theology leads to political ways
- different type of religious colleges: brown & Princeton-baptist
- Toleration: too many religions to have one take control, must get along
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What is protestant?
- different types of churches
- can start your own if you don't like how another is being ran
- pushes for individualism
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What is Deism?
- God created world and now it just runs according to laws set in place by god
- -like a clockmaker
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Name the 3 versions of god from The Enlightenment and 2 outcomes
- Humanism
- Deism-clockmaker
- Unitarianism-everyones welcome
- Political authors-lock, hume, rousseau, voltaire
- new colleges-Columbia, Pennsylvania
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4 things about Mercantilism
- the goal was for America to be self-sufficient and provide exports to England
- "colonies benefit Mother Country"
- navigation act-placed tariffs on foreign trade, none for America
- "salutary neglect" Parliament helps, doesn't enforce laws
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Points of Navigation Act
- imperial preferences for America trades
- provides guaranteed market
- hinders sales to other countries
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Colonial Wars
- 1689-1815
- fight because issues outside of America
- fisheries and fur trade
- religion
- alliances with natives French and British
- =lots of wars, no accomplishments
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Great War for Empire
nicknames
dates
balance of forces
- nicknames: French & Indian, WWI-Europe, NA & India
- 1754-1763
- English:French 1 million:90,000 + unity
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How the Great War begins
- Virginia people go to Ohio Country to take over
- French already there
- George Washington gets captured-Fort Necessity-middle of French camp
- William Pitt(Prime Minister) devises plan to knock out French
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Fall of Quebec date
1759-60
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Treaty of Paris
dates
Good things changes for
colonial
power balances
- Colonial:
- -French removed=lots of land, Native's stop, increase in fur trade
- Balance:
- England is #1 over French
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Problems from Treaty of Paris for Colonies
- indebted to England
- Indians still in Ohio country
- Quebec is filled with catholics
- Colonies unifying with mutual interests differing from England-Albany Plan of Union
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3 philosophical disagreements for the Great Debate
- evolved via convergent-distance
- Representation:actual vs virtual
- Constitution: finite vs. infinite
- Sovereignty: divisible vs. indivisible
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13 events of the great debate
- Treaty of Paris 1763
- Salutary Neglect
- Writes of Assistance
- Proclamation of 1763
- Sugar Act
- Stamp Act
- Declaratory Act
- Quartering Act
- Townshed Duties
- Tea Act
- Coercive("Intolerable") Act
- Quebec Act
- First Continental Congress-1774
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List the topics of the Great Debate that make our system today
- Sovereignty-under local control
- Representation-law official is from local area
- Constitution-Finite-guaranteed protections for people
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Salutary Neglect
- England has been ignoring colonies smuggling
- need $= Enforced more rigorously
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Writs of Assistance
- Law enforcers go to local judge for search warrants of smuggled goods
- judges warn b4 giving
- Solution: no warrant to search
- -violation of privacy
- -parliament changes constitution
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Proclamation of 1763
- colonies cannot cross red line
- bc: native helped, less $ on protecting colonists, keep eye on them
- trying to push English north
- can't get to invested lands
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Sugar Act
- Admiralty Courts
- smugglers brought to trial in Quebec
- -local court juries=friends=not guilty regardless of evidence
- Novascota jury made of naval officers=guilty
- -denied: trial by peers & witnesses
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Stamp Act (1765)
- legal documents require purchase of stamped paper
- Hire people to be British agents
- colonists hate-tar & feather, see as spy
- Colonist believe taxes should be local matter
- Most affected are most influential
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Declaratory Act
- England says fine, but we can change rules when we desire to do so
- Colonists learn if they push hard enough England gives in
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Quartering Act
- Towns required to have military in each town at their expense
- -$$, take jobs, take women, spying=rights violations, intimidating
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Townshend Duties
- Massachusetts Circular letter discouraging purchase of British goods
- Boston Massacre: group of people throwing snowballs at them, end up shooting people-first black person killed
- Soldiers tried & acquitted thanks to John Adams
- -realized America wasn't ready to rise up
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Tea Act 1773
- sends tea from East Indies at lower tax rate
- -harms merchants/colonists weary-feel as if their being bribed to lose power
- -boston merchants dressed as natives sneak aboard and dump it out
- all other ports deny ships port
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Coercive Acts 1774
- Intolerable Act
- Boston Port Act: required Boston to pay for tea, till then port is closed
- Massachusetts Government Act: local government is suspended
- Administration of Justice Act: Britain is in charge
- Quebec Act
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Quebec Act 1774
- Appoint English Governor-only 2% can vote
- Recognized Roman Catholics
- THey get Ohio country
- French civil law
- No elected assembly
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Result of Great Debate?
- 1774 First Continental Congress
- Representatives of the 13 colonies
- John Adams
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American Creed Core ideas: (6)
- Freedom
- Liberty
- Individualism
- Democracy
- Equality
- Rule of Law
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We shall be as a city on a hill....
John Winthrop
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Writer of American Politics: the Promise of Disharmony
Samuel P. Huntington 1981
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3 points from Samuel Huntington
- Dissonance between ideals and reality
- contradictions between absolute ideals
- seek perfection from imperfect leaders
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