Chapter 10

It is the boy's control center and communication network

Master endocrine gland

It is the control center for the whole nervous system

It consists of the brain and the spinal cord

This consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with the sensory receptors, muscles and glands

Two subcategories of Peripheral Nervous System

it consists of sensory neurons

Sensory neurons is also known as ___

Convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord.

Consists of motor neurons

Motor neurons is also known as ___

Convey information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

Two subcategories of the efferent peripheral system

conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal muscle

Conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue, to cardiac muscle tissue of the heart and to glands

Two divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

Stimulates or speeds up activity. Involves energy expenditure

Division of the ANS that uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

Stimulates or speeds up vegetative activities and restores or slows down other activities

Division of the ANS that uses acetylcholine  as a neurotransmitter

transmit information called nerve impulses in the form of electrochemical changes

It is a bundle of nerve cells or fibers

Cells in the nervous tissue that is for support and protection

Means "nerve glue"

Over ___ of all brain cells are neuroglia cells

wrap around nerve cells to form supporting network in the brain and spinal cord

star-shape cells

they help regulate nutrients and ions that are needed by the nerve cells

The look like small astrocytes

They provide support by forming semirigid connective like tissue rows between neurons in the brain and spinal cord

they produce fatty myelin sheath on the nerons of the brain and spinal cord of the CNS

Engulf and destroy microbes like bacteria and cellular debris

They line the fluid filled ventricles of the brain

The form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS

extend to the axon part of the cell, referred to as the fiber of the cell

Where protein synthesis occurs

Two kinds of nerve fibers

They are short and branched like the branches of the tree

These are the receptive areas of the neuron

Slight enlargement of the cell

It is a long process of fiber that begins singly but may branch

fine extensions of axons that contact with dendrites of other neurons

Fatty sheets produced by Schwann cells

These are cells that conduct impulses from one part of the body to another

Structural classification of neurons

These are neurons that have several dendrites and one axon

Schwan cells are also known as ___

gaps in the myelin sheath

Nodes of Ranvier is also known as ___

These allow ions to flow freely from the extracellular fluids to the axons

These neurons have one dendrite and one axon

They function as receptor cells in special sense organs

Three areas of the body where bipolar neurons are found

Have only one process extending from the cell body

The single process of a unipolar neuron branches into a ___ ___ that functions as an axon and a ___ ___ that functions as a dendrite

These are peripheral nerve endings of sensory nerves that respond to stimuli

The first nerve cell receiving the impulse directly from the receptor

These are found in the brain ad spinal cord. They transmit the sensory impulse to the appropriate part of the brain or spinal cord for interpretation and processing

This neuron brings about the reaction to the original stimulus

Resting or membrane potential is maintained by the ___

The outside of the nerve fiber is positively charged while the inside is negatively charged

It creates the cell's action potential

A change from negative to a positive charge inside the nerve membrane

pumping out of sodium ions and pulling back in of potassium ions

Self propagating wave of depolarization followed by repolarization moving down the nerve fiber

**note**

An impulse on a myelinated motor fiber going to a skeletal muscle could travel about _______, while an impulse on an unmyelinated fiber would travel only ________

States that if a nerve fiber carries an impulse, it will carry a full strength impulse

These are areas where the terminal branches of an axon are anchored close to, but not touching, the ends of the dendrites of another neuron

Very low concentration of chemicals which are transmitted across the synapses and move across the gap

Allows impulse to travel across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron

Immediately begins to breakdown the acetylcholine after it performs its function

Adrenaline is also called ___

Best known transmitters

Neurotransmitters

An involuntary reaction to an external stimulus

An involuntary reaction or response to a stimulus applied to our periphery and transmitted to the CNS

It is a pathway that results into a reflex

It is the basic unit of the nervous system and is the smallest and simplest pathway able to receive stimulus

The reflex arc has ___ components

Components of the reflex arc

Knee-jerk reflex is also know as ___

Examples of automatic subconscious reactions

Refers to groups of myelinated axons

Forms the nerve tracts of the CNS

The gray areas of he nervous system consisting of nerve cell bodies and dendrites

The gray matter on the surface of the brain

Bundle of fibers located outside the CNS

Nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS

Bundle of fibers inside the CNS

conduct impulses up the cord and are concerned with sensation

Conduct impulses down the cord and are concerned with motor functions

nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the CNS

areas of gray matter in the spinal cord

Begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem

Spinal cord has a length of __ to __ ___

How many segments are there in a spinal cord?

a series of connective tissue membranes

Dura mater means ___

It forms a tough outer tube of white fibrous connective tissue

The Arachnoid mater is also known as the ___

It forms a delicate connective membranous tube inside the dura mater

The Pia mater is also known as the ___

it is a transparent fibrous membrane that forms a tube around and adheres to the surface of the spinal cord

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid is a space called ___

The subdural space contains ___

It is the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater

The subarachnoid space contains this clear, watery fluid

It is the space between the meninges and the vertebrae

This space contains loose connective tissue and some adipose tissue

Functions of the Spinal cord

It is where spinal nerves are connected in the segment of the spinal cord

It is the sensory root and conducts only sensory nerve fibers. It conducts impulses from the peripheryto the spinal cord

It is the motor root. It conducts impulses from the spinal cord to the periphery

**note**

**note**

**note**