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the discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.
Psychology
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Relying on evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation, or measurement
Empirical Evidence
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The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgements on the basis of well supported reasons rather than emotion and anecdote
Critical Thinking
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Phrenology is greek for...
"Study of the mind"
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-A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud
-Emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts
Psychoanalysis
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Theories that explain behavior and personality it terms of unconscious energy dynamics within an individual
Psychodynamic Theories
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A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior
Sociocultural Perspective
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Psychological approach that focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings and thoughts
Biological Perspective
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This perspective involves:
-Hormones
-Brain Chemistry
-Heredity
-Evolutionary Influences
Biological Perspective
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Psychological approach that is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person's or non human animal's actions
Learning Perspective
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This perspective involves:
-Behaviorism
-Social Cognitive Learning Theories
Learning Perspective
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Psychological approach that emphasizes what goes on in peoples heads and their thought processes
Cognitive Perspective
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This perspective involves:
-Social psychology or the study of rules, roles, groups and relationships
-cultural psychology
Sociocultural Perspective
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Psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural forces outside the individual
Sociocultural Perspective
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Psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy
Psychodynamic Perspective
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This perspective involves:
-Unconscious thoughts, desires conflicts
Psychodynamic Perspective
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Psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding of human behavior
Humanist Psychology
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This perspective involves:
-Rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysis
-emphasized creativity and achieving potential
Humanist Psychology
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Psychological approach analyzing the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes
Feminist Psychology
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This perspective involves:
-recognized years of male bias in data collection and psychotherapy
-questions the use of research in justifying women's lower status or elevating women's status
Feminist Psychology
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Research in areas of basic or applied psychology
Examples:
-Educational psychologists
-Developmental psychologists
-Industrial/organizational psychologists
Academic/Research Psychologists
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These psychologists help people deal with problems associated with everyday life
Counseling psychologists
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These psychologists work with parents, students, and teachers to enhance student performance
School Psychologists
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These psychologists diagnose and study mental or emotional problems
Clinical Psychologists
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Clinical psychologists are not...
- 1. Psychotherapists
- 2. Psychoanalysts
- 3. Psychiatrists
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medical doctors who diagnose and treat mental disorders
Psychiatrists
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A group of participants that accurately represents the larger population that the researcher is interested in
Representative Sample
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A sample of people who happen to be available
Convenience sample/ random assignment
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Methods that yield descriptions of behavior, but not necessarily casual explanations
Descriptive Methods
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Examples of this method include:
-Case studies
-Observational studies
-Psychological Tests
-Surveys
Descriptive Methods
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A detailed description of a particular person being studied or treated
(most commonly used by researchers)
Case Studies
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Researchers carefully and systematically observe and record behavior without interfering
Observational Studies
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Purpose is to observe how people or animals behave in their natural environments
Naturalistic Observational Study
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Purpose is to observe how people or animals behave in a more controlled setting
Laboratory Observational Study
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Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values
(These can be objective or projective)
Psychological Tests
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Characteristics of a good Psychological Test are:
- 1. Standardization
- 2. Reliability
- 3. Validity
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Measures what intends
Validity
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yields consistent results
Reliablity
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In test construction, established standards of performance
Norms
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The test broadly represents the trait in question
Content validity
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The test predicts other measures of the trait in question
Criterion Validity
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Questionares and interviews that ask people about experiences, attitudes, or opinions
Surveys
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Surveys require a ____________ sample
Representative
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volunteers who participate may differ from those who did not volunteer
volunteer bias
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A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between the two phenomena
Correlational Study
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A statistical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
Correlation
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An association between increases in on variable and increases in another, or decreases in one variable and decreases in the other
Positive correlation
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an association between increases in one variable and decreases in another
negative correlations
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A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another
Experiment
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variable the experimenter manipulates
independent variable
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Variable that are affected by the independent variable; what is measured
Dependent Variable
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a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition
Control condition
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an inactive substance or fake treatment
placebo
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statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data
Descriptive Statistics
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They receive no treatment
Control Group
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subjects of different ages are compared at a single time
Cross-sectional studies
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subjects are periodically assessed over a period of time
Longitudinal studies
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Only time you can say something caused you to do something
experiment
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experimental group gets the _________ variable
independent
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events that effect a generation
cohort effect
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believed that his patients symptoms had mental, not physical cases
sigmund freud (psychoanalysis)
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Four perspectives of psychological science:
- 1. biological
- 2. Learning
- 3. Cognitive
- 4. Sociocultural
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emphasized the function or purpose of behavior, as opposed to analysis and description
Functionalism (William James)
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These people ask how and why and believed the brain and mind are constantly changing
Functionalists
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hoped to analyze sensations, images, and feelings
structuralists
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discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull
Phrenology
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observed that people do not become angry, sad, or anxious because of actual events, but because of their explanations of those events
Stoic Philosophers
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Founder of modern medicence
Hippocrates
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argued that the mind works by associating ideas arising from experience, and this notion continues to influence many psychologists today
John Locke
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