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a compound made from carbon atoms
organic compound
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has one of more C atoms, has many H atoms and may also contain O, S, N and halogens
organic compound
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organic chemistry is also known as the
chemistry of carbon
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typical organic compounds have?
- covalent bonds
- low melting points
- low boiling points
- are flammable
- are soluble in nonpolar solvents
- are not soluble in water
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nonpolar means?
wimpy London dispersion forces
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why is propane organic?
because it only has carbon and hydrogen
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wht is NaCl inorganic?
because it has a metal and a halogen
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bonding? organic vs inorganic
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polarity of bonds? organic vs inorganic
- nonpolar
- more are ionic or polar covalent
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melting point? organic vs inorganic
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boiling point? organic vs inorganic
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flammability? organic vs inorganic
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solubility in water? organic vs inorganic
- not soluble unless a polar group is present
- most are soluble, unless nonpolar
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in organic compounds, carbon has ___ valence electrons and hydrogen has ____
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methane is represented by?
CH4
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VSEPR theory?
carbon always wants 8 electrons... 4 things to make a tetrahedral shape
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what types of bonds form between carbon atoms?
covalent
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ethane is represented by?
C2H6
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expanded version of alkanes?
shows each bond
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condensed version of alkanes?
show each carbon atom and its attached hydrogen atoms
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ex of alkanes condensed form?
CH4 , methane
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propane is represented by?
C3H8
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butane is represented by?
C4H10
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Mother eats peanut butteR?
- methane
- ethane
- propane
- butane
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written for expanded structural formula by showing each carbon and the attached hydrogen atoms
condensed formula
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a saturated compound has?
no double bonds
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carbons preferred shape?
tetrahedral
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an alkane with six carbon atoms in a continuous chain
hexane
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condensed formula has no?
lines
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hook back to themselves and has two hydrogen atoms fewer than the open chain
cycloalkanes
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differ only in rotation about carbon-carbon single bonds
conformations
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most stable form ?
chair form
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n-___ means?
straight chain
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have the same molecular formula and different atom arrangements
isomers
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isomers of butane are?
a straight chain and a branched chain
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alkanes that are missing one H
alkyl groups
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alkyl groups have substituents attached to ?
carbon chains and named with a -yl ending
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methane on branch known as?
methyl
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ethane on branch known as?
ethyl
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a carbon branch is named as an
alkyl group
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halogen atoms are named as
halo
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all _______ chain alkyl groups are 10
continuous
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what alkyls are 20 groups?
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primary alkyl group
1 carbon attached
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secondary alkyl group
2 carbons attached
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tertiary alkyl group
3 carbons attached
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if added at branch point, known as
sec-butyl
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longest chain means?
most amount of carbons, doesn't matter shape
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when numbering alkanes, number them?
closest to first branch
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alkanes are?
- nonpolar
- insoluble in water
- less dense than water
- flammable in air
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properties of alkanes?
- gases at room temp
- used as heating fuels
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alkanes with 5-8 carbons atoms are
- liquid at room temp
- very volatile
- used to make gas
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alkanes with 9-17 carbon atoms are
- liquids at room temp
- have higher boiling points
- found in kerosene, diesel and jet fuels
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alkanes with 18 or more carbons?
- have high molar masses
- waxy solids at room temp
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these are used in waxy coatings of fruits and vegetables
alkanes with 18 or more carbons
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what happens in combustion reactions?
alkanes react with oxygen
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what is produced in a combustion reaction with alkanes and oxygen?
CO2, H20 and energy
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Alkane + O2 -->
CO2 + H20 + heat
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burning reaction
combustion
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a type of substitution reaction, a reaction that results in a replacement of one group for another
halogenation
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products of a halogenation reaction?
- haloalkane
- hydrogen halide
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what reaction is important to converting unreactive alkanes into many starting materials for other products
halogenation
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these only occur in the presence of heat and/or light (UV)
halogenation
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if an alkane is by itself, then?
it is not very reactive
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if heat or light is involved then it is a?
substitution reaction
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in organic molecules, carbon atoms bond:
- with 4 bonds
- mostly H and C
- sometimes to O, N, S,F, Cl, Br
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a characteristic feature or organic molecules that behave in a predictable way
functional groups
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functional groups are composed of
an atom or a group of atoms
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contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms
alkenes
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contain a triple bond
alkynes
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point where things react
unsaturation
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contains the hydroxyl (OH) functional group
alcohol
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an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms
ether
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contains a carbonyl group which is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom
aldehyde
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the carbon of the carbonyl group is attached to two other carbon atoms
ketone
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contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms
ester
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the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group
amides
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alcohol functional group?
-OH
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