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Dimensional Analysis
Using the graph/chart to set up the problem
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1 cup = ? Tablespoons
16 T (tablespoons)
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Measured
Using instruments to measure
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Exact Number
No instruments used only counting and by definition
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1 T = ? t teaspoon
3 t (teaspoon)
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Leading zero
- Zero Before
- Nonzero numbers = Not SIG
- 0.40907 cm = 5 SF
- 0.00078 dm = 2 SF
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Trailing Zero
- After nonzero number with decimal = SIG without decimal = not SIG
- 8800 lb = 2 SF
- 8800.050 = 7 SF
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English measurement converstions
- Mass - (Equality) 454g = 1 Lb
- Volume - (E) 946 mL = 1 qt
- Length - (E) 2.42 cm = 1 in
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Conversions Factors
1g =100cg 1g/100cg = 100cg/1g
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Chemistry & Chemicals
Can make Chemicals "synthesized" in the lab. Composed of elements same composition no matter what.
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Volume: ? mL = 1 qt
946mL
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Metric System - Base Units
- Meters (m) [Length]
- Liters (L) [Volume]
- Grams (g) [Mass]
- Celsius *C [Temperature]
- Seconds (s) [Time]
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Mass: ? g = 1 Pound (lb)
454 g
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Pure Substance
Matter with a fixed composition (does not change)
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Two types of Pure Substances
- Element - C, N, O, Ca, Fe, K, etc.
- Compound - 2 or more elements
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Mixture
2 or more substances with a variable composition
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Two types of mixtures
- Homogeneous - uniform appearance. Salt water, gasoline.
- Heterogeneous - contains layers. Italian salad dressing, water + sand
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Physical Properties
Characteristic that identify matter color, density, freezing point, and specific heat.
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Physical change
Appearance changes, but not the composition. Ice, water, steam, aqueous
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Chemical Properties
Ability to change into a new substance. Its flammability, explosive, tarnish (turns into a black substance), corrosive (rust)
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Chemical Changes
Compounds combine to make a new substances.... chemical reaction
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Energy (6 types)
- L - Light energy
- N - Nuclear energy
- C - Chemical energy
- H - Heat energy
- E - Electrical energy
- M - Mechanical energy
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Potential engery
- Position - The higher more energy
- Stored - in the chemical composition of the substance
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Kinetic Energy
- Energy from movement. Explosive, cars, temperature.
- More KE, more movement.
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*C -> *F
TF = TC (1.8) + 32
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*F -> *C
TC = TF - 32/ (1.8)
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Specific heat
- AMT of heat needed to raise the temp of 1g substance by 1*
- Lower the SH the easily the change in temperature occurs.
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Equation for SH
- SH = cal or J/ g (*C)
- SH = Heat/ mass (^T)
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SH, Finding the Heat
Heat = SH (mass) ^T
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Energy values from food: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats
- Carbohydrates = 1 g carb/4 kcal = 1 g carb/4 cal
- Proteins = 1 g Pro/4 kcal = 1 g pro/4 cal
- Fat = 1 g fat/ 9 kcal = 1 g fat/ 9 cal
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Changes in State, physical state
Change is due to loss/gain of energy
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