MTC Psycholog1120A Chapter 2 Review

The study of the biological foundations of behavior and mental processes.

The study of the brain and the nervous system.

Individual cells that are the smallest unit of the nervous system.

Chemical substances releasedby the endocrine glads that help regulate bodily activities.

Cell body, Nucleus, Dendrite, Axon, Myelin(sheath) Axon terminals and Terminal buttons.

Short fibers that branch out from the cell body and pick up incoming messages.

A single long fiber extending from the cell body, it carries outgoing messages.

A group of axons bundled together.

It is the white fatty covering found on some axons.

Electrically charged particles found inside and outside the neuron.

Neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain.

Neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to the muscles and glands.

Neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another.

Cells that insulate and support neurons by holding them together, provide nourishment and remove waste products, prevent harmful substances from passing into the brain, and form the myelin sheath.

Electrical charge across a neuron membrane resulting from more positive ions concentrated on the outside and more negative ions on the inside.

The condition of a neuron when the inside is negatively charged relative to the outside; for example, when the neuron is at rest.

The firing of a nerve cell.

A shift in the electrical charge in a tiny area of a neuron.

The level an impulse must exceed to cause a neuron to fire.

The principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; either the neuron fires at full strength, or it does not fire at all.

Synaptic Space, Synaptic Vesicles, Neurotransmitters and the Receptor.

Tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron.

An area composed of the axon terminal of one neuron, the synaptic space, and the dendrite of cell body of the next neuron.

Structure at the end of an axon terminal branch.

Tiny sacs in a terminal button that release chemicals into the synapse.

Chemicals released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons.

Locations on a receptor neuron into which a specific neurotransmitter fits like a key into a lock.

The ability of the brain to change in response to activity.

The growth of new neurons.

The division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

The division of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

The area contains the medulla, pons and cerebellum.

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Limbic System and the Brain Stem are the four main parts of the brain.

Structure in the hindbrain that controls certain reflexes and coordinates the body's movements.

Region between the hindbrain and the forebrain; it is important for hearing and sight, and it is one of several places in the brain where pain is registered.

The forebrain region that relays and translates incoming messages from the sense receptors, except those for smell.

• Frontal – body movement, precision, decision making, speech production
• Temporal – memory, personality, processing auditory information,
• Parietal – sensory area
• Occipital – primary visual areas
• They all work together

information that does not need to go to the brain for processing

Forebrain region that governs motivation and emotional responses. controls arousal, emotion, food and water intake, sex, body temp. *Controls pituitary gland.

Located beneath cerebral cortex (outer layer)

emotional behavior

emotional reactivity, aggression, odors

storing memories

emotional reactivity. Regulates emotional behavior

slow, voluntary movement (laughing, standing, sitting, walking)

Network of neurons in the hindbrain, the midbrain, and part of the forebrain whose primary function is to alert and arouse the higher parts of the brain.

The outer surface of the two cerebral hemispheres that regulates the most complex behavior.

Part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for voluntary movement; it is also important for attention, goal-directed behavior, and appropriate emotional experiences.

Areas of the cerebral cortex where incoming messages from the separate senses are combined into meaningful impressions and outgoing messages from the motor areas are integrated.

The section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement.

Part of the cerebral hemisphere that receives and interprets visual information.

Part of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory information from throughout the body.

Part of the cerebral hemisphere that helps regulate hearing, balance and equilibrium, and certain emotions and motivations.

Part of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages from the senses to the central nervous system and between the central nervous system and the skeletal muscles.

Part of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the internal organs.

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that calms and relaxes the body.

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for quick action in emergency. Plays a huge part in "Fight or Flight"

To release hormones in the blood stream.

A pea-sized gland called the "master gland", which is on the underside of the brain, is connected to the hypothalamus. It regulates other glands.

Regulates the body's rate of metabolism (And growth), and to a degree, how people are alert and energetic. Located right under the larynx (the voice box)

The two glands above the kidneys affect the body's reaction to stress. Sympathetic nervous system, secretes many hormones including epinephrine and norepinephrine

Testes in males, ovaries in females. Secrete hormones Masculine (Androgens) and the Feminine (Estrogens). Androgen is predominate in males as Estrogen is in females.

A small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions. Center of brain – activity levels.

It produces insulin and glucagons. It is located in the abdomen.