Clinical Microscopy Comprehensive Exam

Major ORGANIC component of urine

Major INORGANIC component of urine

Second Major INORGANIC component of Urine

Third Major INORGANIC component of Urine

Non dissolved substances found in Urine

two-bean shaped organs located under the diaphragm on either side of the aorta in the posterior upper abdominal region

Where is the Kidneys located?
a. Above or under the Diaphragm?
b. What side of the Aorta?
c. What part of the abdominal region?

A muscular tube that connects the pelvis of the kidney to the bladder

Storage of Urine

Where is Urine Excreted?

A cavity area that is an expansion of the ureter

It functions to collect urine from the calyces for transport from the kidney to the ureter

Region of Kidney comprising the Outer Layer

Region of Kidney comprising the Inner Layer

It is comprised of renal corpuscles and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron

Comprised of the Loop of Henle and collecting ducts

Where are the loops of Henle and collecting ducts found?

Where are the renal corpuscles found?

Where are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules found?

Where are the collecting ducts found?

It supplies blood to the renal artery

It provides blood to the kidneys and the renal vein

It functions to return blood to the inferior vena cava (found in the kidneys)

Functional Unit of the Kidney

Comprised of the Renal Corpuscle and a tubular system that is responsible for the formation of Urine

It consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule

It consists of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule and collecting duct

Where is the Glomerulus found?
Renal Corpuscle or Tubular System?

Where is the Bowman's capsule found?
Renal Corpuscle or Tubular System?

A tuft of capillaries that lie in a tubular depression

A tubular depression where the glomerulus lies

It carries blood into the glomerulus

It carries blood away from the glomerulus

They aid in the tubular reabsorption process by surrounding the various segments of the renal tubule

Where do Peritubular capillaries arise from?
Afferent or Efferent Arteriole?

It primarily functions to filter blood

Where does the Loop of Henle begin and end? and where is it mainly located?

It directs the urine flow into the collecting duct.

What is the Papillary duct made of?

It carries urine into a calyx of the renal pelvis

Three processes that function together to form excrete urine

It functions as a semipermeable membrane to make an ultrafiltrate of plasma that is protein free

What might be damaged if protein is found in the urine?

Where to large molecules (proteins) stay as the glomerulus filters the blood?

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

They reabsorb all but 1mL of the Glomerular Filtrate

The passageway when filtered water, ions, and molecules return to the blood

Responsible for approx. 65% of the reabsorption and secretion that occurs in the renal tubules

The limitation as to how much solute can be reabsorbed

What is the Renal Threshold (amount)?

Part of the Loop of Henle that reabsorbs water

Part of Loop of Henle that reabsorbs Sodium and Chloride

Where does the filtrate go after reabsorption occurs in the Loop of Henle?

How much reabsorption occurs in the Loop of Henle?

What is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

Controls the reabsorption of water in the Distal Convoluted Tubule

Enzyme that controls the reabsorption of sodium and water and secretion of potassium and hydrogen into the filtrate

Final site for water reabsorption

It is secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kideys and catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Structure that secretes Renin

What is converted by Renin?

It stimulates the production of Angiotensin II

Which is the active and inactive form?
Angiotensin I or II?

It regulates the renal blood by constricting the renal arterioles and secreting aldosterone from the adrenal glands to facilitate retention of sodium

Where is Aldosterone made?

Where is Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) secreted?

What parts of the Kidney does the anti-diuretic hormone primarily affect?

It promotes calcium reabsorption from the filtrate into the blood and excretion of phosphate ions from the blood into the filtrate

Where are the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) made?

An alpha-globulin produced by the peritubular fibroblasts in the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in response to lowered oxygen levels

inflammation of the glomerulus characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs, and casts, but does not result in Renal Failure

Type of infection that is followed by acute glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomerulus characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs, and casts, and may result to renal failure

Inflammation of the Renal Interstitium that may be caused by an allergic reaction to medication; characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs (esp eosinophils) and WBC casts

Usual cause of Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Thickening of the Glomerular Capillary Walls and basement membrane; characterized by proteinuria and hematuria

It may be caused by Renal Blood Pressure Irregularities; characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, lipiduria, oval fat bodies, renal tubular epithelial cells, and epithelial cell-, fatty- and waxy casts