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Chemistry
Study of matter and changes it undergoes
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Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space
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Energy
Ability to do work to accomplish some change
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Biochemistry
- Study of life at the molecular level and the process associated with life.
- Ex: Reproduction, growth, and respiration.
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Organic Chemistry
Study of matter that is composed of carbon and hydrogen
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Inorganic Chemistry
Study of matter that consist of all the elements other than carbon and hydrogen and their combinations
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Analytical Chemistry
Analysis of matter to determine its composition and the quantity of each kind of matter that is present
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Physical chemistry
Discipline that attempts to explain the way in which matter bevaves
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Scientific method
Systematic approach to the discovery of new information
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Characteristics of the scientific process
- Observation
- Formulation of a question
- Pattern recognition
- Theory development: hypothesis, theory
- Experimentation: Heart of the scientific method
- Information summarization: scientific law
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Hypothesis
An attempt to explain an observation, or series of observation, in a commonsense way
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Theory
A hypothesis supported by extensive testing (experimentation) that explains scientific facts and can predict new Facts
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What is the heart of the scientific method?
Experimentation is the heart of ____.
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Data
Is what scientific experiment produces.
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Result
Outcome of an experiment
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Units
Basic quantity of mass, volume, temperature, etc that is being measured
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English System
Collection of measures accumulated throughout English history
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Metric system
Composed of set of units that are related to each other decimally
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English Unit: Weight
- 1 pound = 16 ounces
- 1 ton = 2000 pounds
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English Unit: Length
- 1 foot = 12 inches
- 1 yard = 3 feet
- 1 mile = 5280 feet
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English Unit: Volume
- 1 gallon = 4 quarts
- 1 quart = 2 pints
- 1 quart = 32 fluid ounces
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Accuracy
How close a given measurement is to the true value
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Precision
How well a number of independent measurements agree to one another
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(μ) micro
10-6 = 0.000001
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(n) nano
10-9 = 0.000000001
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Mass
The quantity of matter in an object
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Weight
- Force of gravity on an object
- (g) grams
- Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity
- Cannot be used for scientific measurement because weight of an object may vary from one place on the earth to the next
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Length
Distance between 2 points
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Volume
- Space occupied by an object
- = lenght x width x height
- liquid: (L) liters or (mL)
- solid: (cm3)
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Significant figures
- All digits in a number representing data or results that are known with certainty plus one uncertain digit.
- Only significant digits should be reported as data.
- All nonzero digits are significant.
- The number of significant digits is independent of the position of the decimal point.
- Zeros located at the end of a number are signficant or not significant depending upon the existence of a decimal point in the number.
- Zeros to the left of the first nonzero integer are not significant; they serve only to locate the position of the decimal point.
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Scientific notation
- Involves the representation of a number as a power of ten
- Ex: 6.2 x 103
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Error
Difference between the true value and our estimation, or measurement, of the value.
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Systematic error
causes data to be either smaller or larger than the accepted value
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Random Error
causes data from multiple measurements of the same quantity to be scattered in a more or less uniform way around some average value
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Uncertainty
Degree of doubt in a single measurement
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Inexact numbers
Have uncertainty (the degree of doubt in the final significant digit)
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Exact numbers
Have no uncertainty
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Temperature
- Degree of "hotness" of an object.
- Fahrenheit (F)
- Celsius (C)
- Kelvin (K)
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Density
- Ratio of mass to volume
- D = M/V
- (Remember the DMV pyramid)
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Specific gravity
- Ratio of density of object to density of pure water at 4 Celsius (always 1.00 g/ML)
- sg= d.o.(g/mL) / d.w.(g/mL)
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