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Define:
1. Anatomy (Morphology)
2. Physiology
- 1. is the study of the structure of the human body; it is also called morphology = the science of form
- 2. the study of body function
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Subdisciplines of Anatomy
- Anatomy is a broad field of science consisting of several subdisciplines, or branches
- Gross Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy
- Developmental Anatomy
- Embryology Anatomy
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Gross Anatomy (gross = large)
- 1. is the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye (ex. the bones, lungs, and muscles)
- An important technique for studying gross anatomy is dissection ("cut apart"), in which connective tissue is removed from between the body organs so that the organs can be seen more clearly
- the word Anatomy is derived from Greeks words meaning "to cut apart"
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Studies of Gross Anatomy can be approached in several different ways:
- Regional Anatomy- all structures in a single body region, such as the abdomen or head, are examined as a group (Medical School approach)
- Systemic Anatomy- all the organs with related functions are studied together
- -The systemic approach to anatomy is best for relating structure to function (College approach)
- Surface Anatomy- the study of shapes and markings (called landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs
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Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
- is the study of structures that are so small they can be seen only with a microscope
- these structures include cells and cell parts; groups of cells, called tissues; and the microscopic details of organs of the body
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Two branches of anatomy explore how body structures form, grow, and mature:
- Developmental Anatomy- traces the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span and the effects of aging
- Embryology is the study of how body structures form and develop before birth
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Some specialized branches of anatomy are used to primarily for medical diagnosis and scientific research:
- Pathological Anatomy- deals with the structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease
- Radiographic Anatomy- is the study of internal body structures by means of X-Ray studies and other imaging techniques
- Functional Morphology -explores the functional properties of body structures and assesses the efficiency of their design
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The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organismal
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1. To describe the dimensions of cells, tissues, and organs, anatomists need a precise system of measurement?
2. What are the different units of measurement?
- 1. Metric System
- 2. Meter (m): a little longer than a yard stick
- Centimeter (cm): is a 100th of a meter
- Micrometer (μm): is a millionth of a meter
- Liter (l): is a volume slightly larger than a quart
- Milliliter (ml): is one-thousandth of a liter
- Kilogram (kg): is a mass equal to about 2.2 pounds
- Gram (g): is a thousandth of a kilogram
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Anatomical Position
- A person stands erect with feet flat on the ground, toes pointing forward, and eyes facing forward. The palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body.
- the terms right and left always refer to those sides belonging to the person or cadaver being viewed
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Regional Terms
- are the name of specific body areas
- the fundamental divisions of the body are the:
- -Axial Region, so named because it makes up the main axis of the body, consists of the head, neck, and trunk
- -Appendicular Region of the body consists of the limbs, which are also called appendages or extremities
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Define:
1. Frontal (coronal) Plane
2. Transverse (horizontal) Plane
3. Sagittal Plane
4. Oblique Sections
- 1. Extends vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
- 2. runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts (Cross Section)
- 3. are vertical, like frontal planes, but divide the body into right and left parts
- -Median Plane or Midsagittal Plane = lies exactly in the midline
- - Parasagittal = offset from the midline
- 4. Cuts made along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal and vertical
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