Block One Lecture 2

- noting increases in the number of postartum and childbed fever as the clinical day progressed

- chlorinated lime and soap solutions

-demanding cleanliness

- put into a mental asylum

An English surgeon who applied this theory to medical procedures

- utilized the observations of Ignaz Semmelweis and used weak phenol solutions on surgical patients

1) discovering Vibrio cholerae

• 2) Discovering the tubercle bacillus

3) raced to beat Pasteur to discover the cause of anthrax

4) isolated the causative agent from the blood of dead animals, Bacillus anthracis

The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in culture

The pathogen must be introduced into a healthy host and cause the same disease

The pathogen must be isolated from the new host and shown to be the original causative agent

Exceptions: Treponema pallidum and Mycobaterium leprae

the father of vaccination who developed the vacination against smallpox in 1798

This work is the basis for virulence theory

began to search for a "magic bullet" against syphilis

discovered the arsenic derivative Salvarsan in 1910

Saw mold on agar plates and a zone of inhibition around the mold

Identified the mold as Penicillium notatum

Began the field of antimicrobial agents derived from fungal species

Worked on the "scale-up" and chemical synthesis of the compound

viral disease in ancient Egypt

3700 BC: Medical glyphs describe polio

• 1196 BC: Ramses V dies of Smallpox
• - First epidemic of small pox described

Dmitri Iwanowski

Walter Reed

Jonas Salk

1892: filtered and crystallized TMV; described the virus in great detail and showed that viruses follow Koch's postulates

demonstrated the mechanism of transmission for yellow fever virus 

filtered and isolated the virus from the carrier

Bernard von Langebeck: Candida albicans in the esophagus of thyphoid patients

Theodore Berg and Charles Phillipe Robin: C. albicans and thrush (small sponge disease)

Rudolf Virchow and George Meissner: Onchyomycosis and Tinea/ Aspergillosis

• "Wash your hands"
• Worked at PEST clinic in Hungary, which had three clinics. Two were Clinic A, where all the older, more experienced physicians resided, and Clinic B, where the younger, newer physicians worked.

He noticed that women who gave birth had a high percentage of dying. IS asked why? 

So, he observed that women who gave birth first thing in the moring had a less than five percent chance of dying. And, as the day went on, the percentage increased to roughly 50% by the end of the day.

he discovered that the physicians don't wash up after giving deliveries. They use their dirty hands and clothes to deliver the babies. 

IS tells them to wash their hands, which leads to equilization and equilibrium of the death rates to around 10%

put into an asylum

Listerine...duh

He was reading Ignaz's papers

worried about small, noninvasive surgeries and the amount of infections that were occurring among the patients who received these infections and dying 

Idea: What if we clean teh room and get new clothes? 

Infection rate went down

also used weak phenol solutions on patients as an anesthetic. He suggested keeping wounds clean, leading to a lower mortality rate to less than 10%

one of the few who went against Pasteur AND WON

the Germans called him in while France sent for Pasteur

sent into to solve the mystery of hte cholera breakout that was affecting cows. Diarrhea was already known to be caused by bacteria, but Pasteur didn't believe that what was affecting the cows was bacteria because he couldn't culture it

he stabilizes the bacteria in a medium and sees it has a spore--> Koch's Postulates, which works on all but seven species

1) Treponema pallidum, which causes syphillis

2) Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy

they can't be grown in pure culture medium

Legionella bacteria, which causes Legionnaire's disease.

They threw charcoal into the culture, thus isolating it

1) intereted in science, agriculture, farming, astronomy, etc. 

In 1798, smallpox was running rampant and wiping out millions of people. What Jenner noticed was that his milkmaids, and he himself, were not getting smallpox. The people milking the cows start out with no legions on their hands. They get legions after milking cows, whcih goes away, leaving no scarring. 

If they get these legions, they don't get smallpox.

He stabilizes the liquid with broth and pox--> injects people with it. They get a mild version of smallpox, which resolves 46 weeks later. He even injects himself, but he doesn't get smallpox. 

He then writes a paper about this vaccination, naming the agents cowpox and the variant of smallpox.

• Cowpox and smallpox are so similar that being infected with one builds up immunity against the other
• ex: the milkmaids were exposed to cowpox and thus immune to smallpox.

Pasteur came up with two more vaccines.

• 1875: Bacillus anthracis
• 1885: Rabies

chemical based therapy

we know that diseases and their agents, but no therapies

a chemist who was called to help against syphillis. He creates a drug called Salvarsan (derivative of arsenic)

He derivatives folic acid--> first three antimicrobial drugs (sulfonated derivatives of folic acid)

-studied gram + bacteria

- was culturing bacteria but constantly getting contaminated dishes. Finally, he decides to look at one of the dishes and notices that the fungus growing in the petri dish has an outline around it due to the bacteria, which stood away from the fungus. 

It turns out the fungus was Penicillium and it produced a chemical that killed bacteria--> penicillin works against gram + bacteria because it prevents them from forming a strong cell wall

He also worked to help chemically synthestize the agar

First

5000+ BC

smallpox

Ramses V of smallpox (1196 BC)

odd characteristic of smallpox that causes the soles of the feet to swell and appear as a second ankle

studying tobacco plants and TMV

plants were infected--> leaves wilted, trned brown and died--> diseases passed to adjacent plants

However, whatever it was was so small it was sliding off the slide

He makes sap and runs it thorugh filters with different pore sizes. Finds salts and injects plants with it, which die.

He calls them filterable agents

they follow, in a way, Koch's Postulates.

It was the basis of everything until the 1950s, 60s, and 70s.

shows mosquitos can transport and carry virus (yellow fever)

polio vaccine

polio causes damage to Schwann cells, etc.

Most fungal disease (abotu 70%) complicated bacterial and viral infections

candida albicans in esophagus of thyphoid patients

C. albicans and thrus (small sponge disease)

Aspergillosis and Onchyomycosis and Tinea