Chapter 6

relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

a mental change that may or may not be associated with changes in behavior.

Was studying salivation in dogs and accidently discovered classical conditioning.

simple automatic responses to stimuli which are unlearned.

an environmental condition that evokes a response from an organism.

learned reflexes

are adaptive to the organism as they motivate them to avoid potentially harmful food.

the process by which a CS lose the ability to elicit CRs because the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.

recovery of a CR after extinction

tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

a previously neutral stimulus comes to serve as a learned or CS after being paired repeatedly with a stimulus that has already become learned.

child conditioned to fear a rat demonstrating that fears can be acquired through the principles of classical conditioning

Used to reduce fears by introducing pleasant experiences instead of negative in the pairing, thus the initial response is extinguished

exposing the client with the feared object until the fear response is extinguished.

gradually exposing the client to the feared object under circumstances where they remain relaxed.

learning based on consequences of that behavior.

believed that pigeons could be trained to guide missiles to their targets.

behavior that operates on, or manipulates the environment.

a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior.

Any stimulus, which increases the probability that responses preceding it will be repeated

increase the probability that the behavior will occur when they are applied

increase the probability of a behavior when the reinforcer is removed

effective because of an organism’s biological makeup

acquire their value through being associated with established reinforcers.

Sometimes called conditioned reinforcers.

occurs as a result of repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement.

The reward returns and the behavior increases.

known by their effects, if the frequency of the behavior increases

known by how they feel.

sive events that suppress or decrease the frequency of behavior they follow.

act as cues by providing information about when an operant will be reinforced.

reinforce behavior part of the time.

fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times when reinforcement occurs.

variable amount of time occurs between reinforcements

reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses have been made.

reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses.

Reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.

Organisms can gain control over autonomic functions.

showed that rats learn about their environment in the absence of reinforcement

suggests that learning occurs only when the conditioned stimulus provides information about the unconditioned stimulus.

Suggested the Contingency theory

occurs because a conditioned stimulus indicates that the unconditioned stimulus is likely to follow.

proposed that we can acquire operants by observing the behavior of others not actually experiencing the event.

If a child watches 2 to 4 hours of TV a day, they will have seen 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence by the time they finish elementary school.

Even G-rated movies, on average, have scenes of violence lasting 9-10 minutes per film.

often shown to have only temporary or minimal effects if at all.

Effects of Violence in the Media