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What are the major organs of the Respiratory System?
- Nose
- Pharynx (throat)
- Larynx (voice)
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
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What are the components of the upper respiratory system?
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What are the components of the lower respiratory system?
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
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What is the function of the Conducting Zone?
Filter, warm, moisten air and to conduct it to the lungs
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What organs are consisted in the conducting zone?
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchiols
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What is the function of the Respiratory Zone?
Exchange O and Carbon Dioxide between air and blood
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What organs are consisted in the respiratory zone?
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar Sacs
- Alveoli
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What is the function of the External Nose?
Provides framework of bone and cartilage
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What is the function of the Internal Nose?
- Modify speech
- Warm, moisten, filter air
- Detect odors
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Describe the structure, location and function of the Pharynx
- Structure: throat
- Location: internal nares to inferior portion of larynx
- Function: ?
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Where is the Nasopharynx, Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx located?
- Nasopharynx: Superior portion of pharynx; Extends from internal nares to soft palate
- Oropharynx: Soft palate to level of hyoid bone
- Laryngopharynx: Level of hyoid bone to opening into larynx and opening into esophagus
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What is the function of the Uvula?
Closes off nasopharynx to prevent food or liquid from going up the nose
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Describe the location, structure and function of the Larynx
- Location: connects laryngopharynx with trachea
- Structure: composed of Thyroid, Epiglottis, Cricoid, 2 Arytnoid, 2 Corniculate, 2 Curneiform (9 cartilages)
- Function: passageway for air; produces voice
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How do vocal cords produce sounds?
Sound is produced by the vibration of vocal cords when air passes through the larynx
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What is Pitch?
The tension (taughtness) on vocal cords
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Where is the Trachea located?
From larynx to level of T5 vertebrae; Anterior to espohagus
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What is the function of the Trachea?
Passageway for air
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What are some structural changes along the bronchial tree?
- Epithelium of mucus membrane: from ciliated to nonciliated-beating of cilia along bronchi, trachea, pharynx to be swallowed or spit out
- Cartilage support: C shaped cartilage rings in bronchii disappears in terminal bronchioles
- Implication: amount of smooth muscle increases as cartilage decreases
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Describe the location, structure and function of the lungs
- Location: thoracic cavity
- Structure: each lung surrounded by its own double-layered serous membrane (pleural membrane)
- Function: ?
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Define Parietal Pleura
Layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
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Define Visceral Pleura
Layer that covers the surface of the lungs
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What is Pleural Fluid?
Fluid that decreases friction as lungs move during inhalation and exahalation
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What is Pleurisy (Pleuritis)?
Inflammation of the pleural membrane
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What is a Pneumothorax?
When the pleural cavity fills with air after surgical opening of chest or as a result of a gunshot or stab wound
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What is Atelectasis?
Collapse of lungs
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Describe the structure of an Alveoli
Spherical structures that are formed of simple squamous cells supported by a thin basement membrane
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What is the function of an Alveoli?
Gas exchange and Secretes surfactant
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What are the two types of cells that make up the alveolus?
- Type I: gas exchange
- Type II: secretes surfactant
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What is the function of surfactant?
To decrease surface tension in the lungs
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Describe the structure of the Respiratory Membrane
- Type I & II alveolar cells
- Epithelial basement membrane underlying alveolar walls
- Capillary basement membrane
- Endothelial cells of capillary
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What is the function of the Respiratory Membrane?
Gas diffusion
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What is Ventilation Perfusion Coupling?
Dilation of BV to increase blood flow due to hypoxia
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What is Pulmonary Ventilation?
Flow of air into and out of lungs
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What is External Respiration?
Exchange of gases between air of lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries
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What is Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
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Describe the mechanisms of Inhalation
- Pressure of lungs must equal to atmospheric pressure
- Before air flows in, pressure in lungs must decrease
- Contraction of diaphragm
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Describe the mechanisms of Exhalation
- Pressure of air inside lungs must be higher than atmospheric pressure
- Lung tissue recoils
- Diaphragm relaxes and external intercostal muscles decreases thoracic volume
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What factors influence Pulmonary Ventilation?
- Alveolar Surface Tension
- Lung Compliance
- Airway Resistance
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What is Eupnea?
Normal, quiet breathing
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Describe Costal Breathing
Shallow breathing due to contraction of external intercostal muscles - upward and outward movement of chest
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Describe Diaphragmatic Breathing
Deep abdominal breathing due to contraction of diaphragm
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What volume measures ONE breath?
Tidal Volume
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What volume measures the max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation?
Inspiratory Reserve
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What volume measures the amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation?
Expiratory Reserve
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What is a Residual Volume?
Air that remains in the lungs after expiratory reserve
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What is 30% of tidal volume that remains in conducting zone and does not participate in gas exchange?
Anatomic Dead Space
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What is Minute Ventilation?
Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute
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What is Alveolar Ventilation Rate?
Volume of air per minute that reaches respiratory zone
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What does a Spirometer measure?
Respiratory air volumes
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What does a Spirogram do?
Record values measured by a spirometer
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How does gas volume affect gas pressure?
According to Boyle's law, decreasing the volume [of the lungs] will increase lung pressure, and vice versa
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Define Partial Pressure
Pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
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