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Motivation
the facts that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms
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instincts
inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned
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Name the 6 different approaches
- instinct
- drive-reduction
- arousal
- incentive
- cognitive
- hierarchy of needs
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What came after instinct theory?
drive-reduction approach
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drive-reduction approaches to motivation
suggest that a lack of some basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement (thirst drive)
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drive (concept of drive in terms of motivation)
motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need
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primary drives
hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex -biological need
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secondary drives
prior experience and learning bring about needs
ex. those who have strong need to excel academically
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in drive-reduction approaches to motivation, how to satisfy primary drive
by reducing the need underlying it
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homeostasis
the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state, underlines primary drives
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arousal approaches to motivation
each person tried to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity
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incentive
something after basic needs are satisfied
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What works in tandem with drive-reduction approach?
- incentive theory.
- .Seek to satisfy our underlying hunger needs (push of drive-reduction theory), drawn to food that appears very appetizing (pull of
- incentive theory) –works together to motivate behavior
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cognitive approaches to motivation
suggest that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals (their cognitions)
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Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is part of hat approaches?
cognitive approaches to motivation
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intrinsic motivation
causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us
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extrinsic motivation
causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other concrete, tangible reward
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Maslow's hierarchy
- by Abraham Maslow
- each of them fulfilled the highest levels of motivational needs underlying human behavior
- -before more sophisticated higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied
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self-fulfillment
- people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way.
- -this is achieved after 4 sets of needs are all fulfilled
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2 important measures of the Maslow's hierarchy
- 1) highlights complexity of human needs
- 2) emphasizes the idea that until more basic biological needs are met, people will be relatively unconcerned with higher-order needs
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self-determination theory
- by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan
- -considered human needs in terms of psychological well-being
- -people have 3 basic needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness
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in self determination theory, what does competence, autonomy, and relatedness mean
- competence: need to produce desired outcomes
- autonomy: perception that we have control over our lives
- relatedness: need to be involved in close, warm relationships with others
all 3 are innate, universal across cultures, and essential
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