Lesson 1: A First Look at the Body

Medial

Distal

Intermediate

Deep

• a plane is a flat surgace resulting from an imaginary or actual cut that divides the body into specific parts:
• Sagittal/Parasagittal plane
• Horizontal or Transverse plane
• Frontal plane

• Dorsal: includes cranial cavity and spinal canal
• Ventral: includes thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
• Scrotal: present in males only

pure phospholipid

• Nucleus
• ER - endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria

• Muscle - mesoderm
• Nervous - ectoderm and endoderm
• Epithelial - ectoderm and endoderm
• Connective - mesoderm

a structure composed of more than one tissue that performs multiple functions.

divides the abdomen into four quadrants

inferior to the diaphragm, part of the ventral body cavity

allow the cells of a tissue to recognize one another and stick together

fat cells derived from fibroblasts. Interior of each is dominated by a droplet of fat.

specialized tissue for the storage of fat.

an energy depleted form of ATP

the patient is erect, facing the viewer, with feet pointed ahead, arms at the sides, and the palms of the hands turned forward.

One of the fundamental regions of the body, consisting of the limbs or extremities.

• the general chemical energy source for energy-requiring cellular processes.
• synthesized within the mitochondria from the oxidation of foodstuffs

One of the fundamental regions of the body, consisting of the head, neck, and trunk.

double layer

A fluid component containing salts; some organic solutes; dissolved gases and proteins.

• hollow spaces within the body that contain internal organs:
• dorsal 
• ventral 
• scrotal

The site of synthesis of blood cells in adults.

Small channels that allow nutrients and oxygen to reach osteocytes and cellular wastes to be removed.

spongy bone that is surrounded by compact or dense bone

Makes up the walls of the heart and is responsible for circulating blood to all parts of the body.

A strong, flexible, smooth material composed of collagen and chondroitin that, in adults, supports some soft tissues; covers the ends of bones; and provides bearing surfaces for joints.

cells that secrete cartilage

A type of intercellular substance formed by connective tissues. A tough, flexible material that is a major component of cartilage, one form of connective tissue.

A type of intercellular substance formed by connective tissues composed of giant, fibrous molecules that may be arranged in bundles or as a mesh.

cells that are cylindrical with heights greater than widths

an outer covering that surrounds a core of cancellous bone

holds body parts together and contributes to the structural integrity of the other tissue types

composes a loosely arranged structural framework for almost every tissue

within the skull containing the brain

cells that are as wide as they are tall

intracellular fluid

scaffold of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and move

process in which unspecialized cells acquire specific cellular structures and become specialized to perform specific functions

terms used to describe the relationships of individual structures and regions

In the earliest stages of embryonic development, the outermost layer of the unspecialized embryonic cells that separate into three layers.

A type of intercellular substance formed by connective tissues composed of giant, fibrous molecules that may be arranged in bundles or as a mesh.

• formed by epithelial cells 
• secrete hormones into the blood

n the earliest stages of embryonic development, the innermost layer of the unspecialized embryonic cells that separate into three layers.

An internal membrane system that contains proteins and lipids destined for various metabolic fates within the cell, for secretion to the exterior, or for incorporation into the plasma membrane.

• A specific tissue that develops from the ectoderm and endoderm, consisting of sheets of cells.
• form barriers between the interior of the body and the external environment,
• covering the body’s surface and
• lining hollow internal organs.

red blood cells

• secrete substances by way of ducts to the exterior 
• salivary glands of the mouth or sweat glands of the skin

proteins are less tightly attached and may be removed by chemical treatments that do not dissolve the membrane.

characteristic cells that secrete intercellular materials

in the blood includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Passes parallel to the midline and at right angles to the plane of the sagittal section and would divide the body into dorsal and ventral portions.

support the neurons and maintain a favorable environment for their functions

strands of sugar molecules attached to the proteins

Closely stacked sacs of endoplasmic reticulum that serve as a sorting station for proteins synthesized by ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves surrounded by each osteon

A cut at right angles to the midline and dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands

a major type of intercellular substance formed by connective tissues

material secreted by fibroblasts

One of three basic types of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and to move.

proteins are tightly associated with the membrane and in some cases span it from one side to the other.

spaces between lamellae occupied by osteocytes

Concentric rings of a mineralized intercellular substance surrounding the Haversian canal.

white blood cells

structures that hold joints together

In the earliest stages of embryonic development, the unspecialized embryonic cell layer that lies between the ectoderm and endoderm.

One of three basic types of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and to move.

One of three basic types of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and to move.

median line or median plane of the body or some part of the body

If the body were sliced into equal right and left halves, this cut would pass through the sagittal plane along the midline of the body.

Rod-like structures consisting of a double-bilayer membrane that are the sites of the reactions of terminal oxidative metabolism.

Nervous tissues that generate and conduct electrical impulses and communicate with other cells by way of chemical messages.

Contains the genetic material (DNA) together with molecules that affect expression of specific parts of the genetic code.

structures contained within the cytoplasm

osteocytes that synthesize bone

osteocytes that break down bone

bone cells

units of compact bone

The process in mitochondria that involve the reactions of terminal oxidative metabolism, where the energy from oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP and ADP.

planes that cut the body to the right or left of the midline generating unequal portions

the outer boundary of the cell containing membrane proteins embedded in it and attached to its surfaces

Some simple epithelia, which are one cell layer thick, —they do consist of one cell layer, but some of the cells are not tall enough to reach all the way from one side of the sheet to the other.

membrane proteins that detect chemical messages from other cells

organelle composed of proteins and rRNA that synthesize proteins based on codes delivered to them in the form of mRNA

hollow internal space present only in males

one structural type of epithelia one cell layer thick

muscle attached to the bony skeleton that moves body parts relative to one another

Muscle that surrounds hollow internal organs, including the stomach and intestine, the air passages in the lungs, and blood vessels; also forms the iris of the eye.

contained within the vertebral canal within the vertebral column

contained within the vertebral canal within the vertebral column as part of the spinal cord

cells that are flattened and resemble paving stones

within tissue, required cells that regenerate new differentiated cells

one structural type of epithelia composed of multiple cell layers

connect skeletal muscles to the bony skeleton

the superior part of the ventral body cavity enclosed by the ribcage

platelets, a component in blood

a mineralized meshwork in cancellous bone

determine what goes into and out of the cell

the horizontal plane that is the result of a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

contains the soft internal organs

the spine

the spinal canal within the vertebral column

the soft internal organs