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Intracellular complexes necessary for eukaryotic life
Organelles
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Cytosol + Organelles =
Cytoplasm
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Prokaryotic life =
Bacteria
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Organelles enclosed by
Membranes
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Metabolic pathways that occur in cytoplasm of cell
- Glycolysis
- Pentose phosphate pathway
- Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis (glycogen synthesis and degredation)
- Fatty acid synthesis
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Organelles involved in protein synthesis
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi complex
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All Cells except RBC's contain
A nucleus
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DNA material is contained in
Nucleolus, mitochondria - all within the nucleus
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Number of chromosome pairs in every normal cell
23
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Nucleus components
- Envelope
- Pores
- Nucleoplasm
- Lamina
- Ncleolus
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Phospholipid bilayer membrane of nucleus
Nuclear envelope
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Communication betweennucleus and cytosol occres at the
Nuclear pores
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Fluid inside nucleus
Nucleoplasm
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Structural organization by intermediate filaments in the nucleus
Nuclear lamina
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Suborganelle of nucleus where ribosomes are made
Nucleolus
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Ribosomes are composed of
Ribosomal RNA (60%), and protein (40%)
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Primary site of protein synthesis during translation from messenger RNA
Ribosomes
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2 subunits of Ribosomes
- Large - 3 rRNA and 50 proteins
- Small 0 1 rRNA and 30 proteins
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Two places ribosomes are found
Either free or bound to endoplasmic reticulum (built in nucleolus, found there initially)
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Protein synthesis by ribosomes happens primarily on the
Endoplasmic retiulum (rough ER)
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Membrane of ER is composed of
Lipid bilayer
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Prteins synthesized in Rough ER are
Incorporated into organelle membrane
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Proteins from free-standing ribosomes remain
In cytoplasm (cytosol)
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Smooth ER responsible for
Lipid and steroid hormone synthesis
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Contains a complex of enzyemes called cytochrome P450 that are responsible for drug and hormone metabolism
Smooth ER
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Cytochrome P450 is responsible for
Detoxification
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Both rough and smooth ER are involved in
Glycosylation of proteins (addition of carbs)
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Responsible for sorting newly synthesized proteins
Golgi apparatus
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End of golgi apparatus nearest ER
Cis cisterna
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Closest to plasma membrane (part of golgi)
Trans side
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Part of golgi complex where carbs, lipids, phosphates are added to proteins
Medial
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Where GAG's, proteoglycans and lysosomes are synthesized
Golgi complex
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Proteins are specialized by enzymes within the
Golgi apparatus
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Powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
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More metabolically active cellsl contain more or less mitochondria
More
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Half life of mitochondria
7-10 day
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Mitochondria contains its own DNA, which means it's able to
Self replicate
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Membrane of mitochondria
Lipid bilayer
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Inner membrane of mitochondria is
Highly folded (cristae)
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Process of protons being pumped out of mitochondria matrix, electrochemical gradient being formed, and flow of hydrogen back into miochondria driving ATP synthesis is called
Oxidative phosphorylation
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Oxidative phosphrylation makes mow much ATP/glucose
32
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What cells don't contain mitochondria?
RBC
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What do RBC's depend on for energy?
Anaerobic fermentation of glucose through glycolysis and lactic acid produuction
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Apoptosis of a cell begins
In the mitochondria
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Lysosomes are made where
Golgi complex
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Lysosomes membrane
Ingle phospholipid membrane
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Contained in lysosomes to digest proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids and phospholiids
Acid hydrolases
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Important for digesting old or injured organelles
Lysosomes
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If lysosomes do not function properly,
Accumulation of macronutrients can be devastating
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PeroXisome membrane
Single phospholipid membrane
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Peroxiisomes are made
In theh ER
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Synthesis of cholesterold and bile in liver occur here
Peroxisomes
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Myelin is made of
Peroxisomes
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Contains oxidative enzymes to break down fatty acids, purines and alcohol
Peroxisomes
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Contains catalase - enzyme to detoxify h2o2
Peroxisomes
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