sociology test 2.txt

Shared cultural heritage, which typically involves common ancestors, language, and religion.

Refers to groups that are socially subordinate/discriminated against and culturally distinct

No, people disagree about use of language (such as blank or african american; latino or hispanic)

help explain racial and ethnic inequalities; prejudice additudes from the dominant group influence life (sterotypes)

Examines how racism is reinforced by larger system/organization of society

• - Happened throughout U.S. history
• - Some improvements (since 1990): anti-discrimination legislation, more presence in the middle class
• - Problems continue residential segregation

- The racial wealth gap

- sum of family assets

"the cost of being black"

The disabled

20%

- increase in age

• 15% born with disability
• 85% experience disabling condition.

• - Disability is any physical or mental condition that substantially limits one or more major life activities.
• - Try to "fix" the individual, make the more "normal"

• - The real disability is being labeled "different" or "abnormal"
• - Limited physical access, access to resources, negative attitudes create barriers
• - Don�t change the person, make the environment accessible.

• - Combination of medical and social models
• - Disability- reduced ability to perform life activities that are made worst by individual and institutional discrimination.

• - Defined as different
• - Called derogatory names
• - Minority as master status
• - Categorized, stigmatized, and stereotyped

socially defaulted trait

intersecting systems of inequality aka intersectionality

negative attitude toward a certain category of people

unfavorable action toward a group of people

the ability to exery power, make free choices

when a group of people develop organization(s) to promote or resist social change

• - Federal law requires accessibility (ramps, parking spaces, use of Braille)
• - ADA has been weakened, not enforced.

People with disabilities have the highest unemployment and poverty rates of minorities.

• - Inadequate income
• - High cost of health care
• - Abuse of the elderly
• - Ageism- as expressed by doctors, media, employment, etc.

- 15%

Peoples whose cash incomes are at half of the poverty line or less

• - passed in 1996, it reformed the welfare system
• - shifted welfare programs from the federal govt to the states
• - mandated that welfare reciepients find work within 2 years
• - limited welfare assistance to 5 years
• - cut various federal assistance programs targeted for the poor by 54.5 billion over 6 years

Government monies and services provided to the poor

Government subsidies to the nonpoor

Legal tax loopholes that allow the affluent to escape paying certain taxes and therefore recieve a subsidy

tax rate that remains the same for all people, rich or poor; results in poor people paying a larger portion of their wealth than the affluent people

Belief that the place of people in the social stratification system is a function of their ability and effort

Social classifications based on ability

• Belief that some individuals are poor, criminals, or school dropouts because they have a flaw within them, ignoring the social factors
• affecting their behavior

Event that occurs because it is predicted. When people alter their behavior to conform to the prediction of others

View that the poor are qualitatively different in values and lifestyles from the rest of society and that these cultural differences explain continued poverty

When the social arrangements and accepted ways of doing things in society disadvantage minority groups

- Not because they refuse to work but rather because they work at low wages, cannot find work, work part time, are homemakers, are ill or disabled, or are in school.

- less than half recieve federal assistance and it is not sufficient.

- health problems, malnutrition, social pathologies, and homelessness

- The nonpoor recieve 3/4th of federal monies allocated to human services through tax expenditures and other subsidies further redistributing the nations wealth upwards

poor pay more than the nonpoor for many services

A theory that holds certain categories of people are disadvantaged because they are less well endowed mentally.

- by blaming the victim both theories ignore how social conditions trap individuals and groups in poverty

contrasts blaming biological or cultural dificiences of the poor by instead focusing on how society is organized in a way that creates poverty and makes certain people vulnerable to being poor

• - a comitment to accomplish that goal
• - a program based on the assumption that poverty results from a lack of resources rather than from a deviat value system
• - a program based on the assumption that poverty results from inequalities in society
• - recongnition that poverty cannot be eliminated by the efforts of the poor themselves, by the private sector of the economy
• by charitable individuals or groups, or by the effort of state and local governement alone.
• - recognition that poverty is a national problem and must be attacked by massive, nationwide programs largely financed and organized by the federal government

• -The unemployed or underpaid: need adequate training, guarenteed employment, and a guarenteed minimal income
• - The inabled or incapacitated: need govt subsides to meet their needs
• - The children of the poor: need education and opportunities to break the poverty cycle

• - basic features of U.S. society; they exclude people from full and equal participation in society's institutions.
• they exist because they benefit certain segments of society.

- is a social invention and is not biologically significant; racial groups are set apart and singled out for unequal treatment

- minority racial and ethnic groups. both race and ethnicity are traditional bases for social inequality.

• - the forces of history shape
• - discrimination can occur without conscious bigotry
• - discrimination is reinforced by the interrelationships amoung the institutions of society

it is chaging dramatically; there are high immagration and birthrates amoung minorities making the US a multiracial, multicultural society. These trends create racial anxiety and racial conflict.

- from race-conscious remedies to a color-blind climate that is dismantling historic civil rights reforms

- Group assigning subordinate status to minority groups

- systems of inequality in which race is the major criterion for rank and rewards

- subordinate group in society

- Culturall distinctive characteristics based on race, religion, or national origin

- overt acts by individuals that harm members of another race

- established and customary social arrangements that exclude on the basis of race

- the disproportionate exposure of some racial groups to toxic substances

- idea taht race no longer matters in explaining inequality or policy making, since racism has been overcome.

- biological fact of femaleness and maleness

- cultural and social definition of feminine and masculine

- differentiation of women's and men's behaviors, activities, and worth

- view that supports equal relations between women and men

- differential ranking rewarding of womens and mens roles

- all social institutions are organized by gender

- beliefs, meanings, and placement that value men over women and that institutionalize male control of socially valued resources

forms of social organization in which men are dominant over women/

- the system of sexuality that imposes negative sanctions on those who are homosexual or bisexual

- a way of organizing the social world on the basis of sexual identity

condition of capitalism in which male supremecy keeps women in subordinate roles at work and in the home

- males and females differ because of socialization. The assumption is that males and females learn to be different

- males and females differ because of factors external to them

- the intergration of traditional feminine and masculine characteristics

- pattern whereby women and men are situated in different jobs throughout the labor force

- raising pay scales according to the worth of the job instead of the personal characteristics of the workers

- An invisible barrier that limits women's upward occupational mobility

- behavior that does not conform to social expectations

- sexual orientation toward someone of the opposite sex

- beliefs and practices that enforce heterosexual behavior as normal while stigmatizing other forms of sexual expression

- sexual orientation toward someone of the same sex

- sexual orientation toward or attraction to both sexes

- powerful negative social label that affects a person's social identity and self concept.

- person's choice regarding the sex of people to whom he or she is attracted.

- sexual attraction to the same or opposite sex is not a matter of choice but is determined by genetic or enviromental factors

- fear or loathing of homosexuality and homosexuals

- oral or anal sex

- homosexuals who openly identify themselves as such and challenge society in an effort to eliminate the stigma and discrimination they face

set of often contradictory sterotypes about people with disabilities that act as a barrier to keep them from achieving their full potential

of the dominant belief system, which privileges the group in power

attribute that is socially devalued and disgraced.

• status that has exceptional importance for social idemtity, overshadowing other statuses.
• being defined as a member of a minority group is a master status

universal and undeniable reality

reduced ability to perform tasks one would normally do at a given stage of life that is exacerbated by the individual and institutional discrimination encountered

the state of being mentally or physically challanged

the study of population

birthrate

death rate

the people born in the 15 year period following ww2.

taxing at a set percentage, which takes a larger proportion of the wealth from the poor than from the nonpoor

- the proportion of the population who work compared to the proportion who do not work

- the approach in a health facility that focuses on meeting the needs of the residents

- the approach in a health facility that focuses on meeting the needs of the institution, resulting in poor quality care for patients

• a family structure in which the number of living generations within linkages increases, but there is an itrageneraltional contraction in the number of members
• within each generation

- where parents care for both their parents and their children simultaneous

- the devaluation and discrimination of the elderly

- people are the agents and actors who cope with, adapt to, and change social structures to meet their needs

- the response by some people to the aging process of retreating from relationships, organizations, and society.

- the shift toward an aging society ("the greying of america)

• - women outnumber men
• - minorities are underrepresented
• - elderly who are women or minority are disproportionaly poor

- the only source of income for about 1/2 of retired people and a major source of income for 80% of the elderly.

• - some workers are not included
• - people with low career earnings recieve fewer benefits
• - women are disadvantaged
• - the tax is regressive

• - from the prospective of the elderly it does not pay enough of medical expenses
• - the program is too expensive for the government to finance adequately

- residents are given custodial care, drugged and provided with inadequate nutition occurs in about 1/3rd of nursing homes; about 5%

- 1.5 million abused mostly by children who are overwelmed.

• they may:
• - withdraw from society
• - continue to act as they have throughout their adult lives
• - become politically active to change the laws, customs, and social structures that disadvantage them

- deviance from societys norms

• - it is socially created
• - it is a relative concept NOT absolute
• - it is found universally in society
• - it serves society by reaffirming the rules
• - it allows the powerful to determine who or what is deviant
• - it creates an atmosphere in which deviants can be stigmatized for their disreputable behavior

• - ideological, stemming from from traditional homophobic beliefs, especially religious and medical
• - legal, stemming from law and court decisions
• - occupational where job advancement and income are resticted or denied

- with the stonewall inn riot in 1969.

- unequally

- the inequalities of race, class and sexuality to produce different experiences for all women and men

- through language, interpersonal behavior, mass communication, religion, the law, and politics

• - the basic source of women's inequality in the workforce. Work oppurtunities for women tend to concentrate in a secondary market that has
• few advancement oppertunities, fewer job benefits and lower pay.

- the combined effects of gender and racial segregation in the labor force. they must face harsher working conditions and lower earnings

- strongly gendered. around the world womens labor is key to global development strategies

- potential contrubutions of half of the society, creates poverty amoung families headed by women, and limits the capacities of all women and men

- aimed at eliminating inequality have created significant changes at all levels of society.