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Carbohydrates are
C,H,O in ratio of 2:1, H:O,C
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Classified by location of carbonyl group, # of groups
Aldose, (on end), Ketose, (in middle), # of carbons
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Glucose, fructose, and other sugars have
six carbons, hexoses
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In plants storage carb is, structure carb is
starch, cellulose
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In animals storage is, structure is
glycogen, chitin
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Lipids have
glycerol (alcohol w/ 3 C and OH group) and 3 fatty acids
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Saturated have and are
single bonds, solid at room temp, in animals
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Unsat have, are, are from
double bonds, liquid b/c of kink, plants
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AAs have, are different b/c of
carboxyl and amino group, R group
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AAs are
polypeptides, which make proteins
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Bonds for Carbs, Proteins, Lipids
glycosidic, peptide, ester
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Protein primary structure is
unique sequence of aas
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Protein secondary structure
weak H bonds, helix, pleated sheet
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Protein tertiary structure
R groups interactions, has covalent disulfide bonds with two cysteine monomers using sulfhydryls, ionic, van der waals
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Protein quarternary structure
aggregation of polypeptide subunits in triple helix, hemoglobin for ex
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Slight change in aa structure changes
function, sickle cell disease
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DNA has
deoxyribose, one less O, has thynine, double helix, Pent, CGAT
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RNA has
ribose, pentose, uracil, single helix, CGAU
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Nucleotide monomer has
Nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), phosphate group, and pentose sugar
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Pyrimidines
3 of them, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, single C ring,
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Purine
2 of them, Adenine, Guanine, 2 C rings,
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cell fractionation
uses centrifuge to separate major organelles
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Prokaryotic has
ribosomes they are just free
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These contain DNA, these don't
mitochondria, chloroplast, ribsomes
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nucleus fx
houses chromosomes, DNA
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ribsome fx
protein synthesis
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ER fx
smooth- synthesis of lipids, metab of carbs, ca storage, detoxification, rough- aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes, adds carbs to glycoproteins, produces new membrane
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GA fx
modifies proteins, carbs on proteins, and phopholipids, synthesis of many polysaccs, sorting of golgi products which are then released in vesicles
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Lysosome fx
breakdown of ingested substances for recycling
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Vacuole fx
digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, protection
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mitochondrion fx
cell respiration
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chloroplast fx
photosynthesis
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peroxisome fx
has enzymes that transfer h to h2o, producing H2O2
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Mitochodria and chloroplasts contain
DNA
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Mitochondria are found in
plant, animals, fungi and most protists
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Catabolic vs anabolic pathways
cata release energy, break down complex moles to make simpler ones, ana consume energy to build comples moles, aa to proteins
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Laws of thermodynamics
1st energy can't be destroyed or created, every energy transfer increases entropy of universe
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Exergonic rx
net relase of free energy, deltaG decreases, spontaneously happens,
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Endergonic rx
absorbs free energy, G increases, G is positive, nonspontaeous
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Enzyme acts on a reactant called a
substrate
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Restricted site or region a pocket or groove where catalysis occurs
active site
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Competitive vs no competitive
comp mimics substrate and competes for active site, non comp binds away from active site, changes shape and keeps from acting efficiently
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H2O moves from
lower to higher concentration
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EA
Energy of activation, req to start rx, contorts moles so the bonds can break
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Makes membrane less fluid by restraining phospholipid movement
cholesterol
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Moles spread out evenly into available space, down concentration gradient, spontan, passive transport
diffusion
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